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GPAT 2023 Exam - Answer Key (Released), Question Papers, Cutoff, Result, Counselling
Updated on 1st Jun, 2023 by Sonia Vats
Latest Update for GPAT
- 23 May 2023:
GPAT 2023 exam analysis available; Check difficulty level
- 19 May 2023:
GPAT admit card out; Download now
- 13 Apr 2023:
GPAT 2023 admit card soon; Check details here!
Stay up-to date with GPAT News
About GPAT 2023
The National Testing Agency (NTA) conducts the Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) entrance exam for admission to Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) courses. GPAT 2023 exam was conducted on May 22 for admission to around 39,890 M.Pharm seats in more than 800 institutes across India. The GPAT 2023 exam was conducted in 2 shifts, Shift 1 will be conducted from 09:00 A.M. to 12 Noon and Shift 2 will be conducted from 02:30 P.M. to 05:30 P.M.
As per the latest update, the NTA has released the GPAT 2023 provisional answer key at gpat.nta.nic.in. The last date for candidates to challenge the GPAT 2023 answer key is June 3. Along with the answer keys, the NTA has also released the GPAT 2023 question paper. It must be noted that both the GPAT answer key 2023 and question papers can only be downloaded after logging in with the registered credentials.
Based on the challenges submitted by the candidates, the NTA will release the GPAT 2023 final answer key. The GPAT result 2023 will be announced in the form of a scorecard and mentions the candidate's details, scores obtained (out of 500), percentile, cutoff, and other details. Candidates included in the GPAT result need to secure GPAT cut-off marks as specified by NTA to qualify for the exam.
Aspirants who will qualify for GPAT results will be called for GPAT 2023 counselling. The counselling for GPAT 2023 will be conducted by respective colleges. The qualified candidates will be required to register themselves in each college to participate in GPAT counselling 2023. The cut-offs to participate in GPAT 2023 counselling will be announced by colleges separately.
GPAT 2023 Highlights
| Full Exam Name | Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test |
| Short Exam Name | GPAT |
| Conducting Body | National Testing Agency |
| Frequency of Conduct | Once a year |
| Exam Level | National Level Exam |
| Languages | English |
| Mode of Application | Online |
| Application Fee (General) | 2000 Rs [Online] |
| Mode of Exam | Online |
| Mode of Counselling | Online / Offline |
| Participating Colleges | 329 |
| Exam Duration | 3 Hours |
Download all details about GPAT 2023
GPAT 2023 Important Dates
Upcoming Dates and Events
01 Jun, 2023 - 03 Jun, 2023
Answer Key | Mode: Online Ongoing
Past Dates and Events
22 May, 2023
Exam - Shift 2 | Mode: Online
22 May, 2023
Exam - Shift 1 | Mode: Online
19 May, 2023
Admit Card(Pre Exam Training) - Start Date | Mode: Online
15 May, 2023
GPAT advance exam city intimation slip - Start Date | Mode: Online
14 Mar, 2023 - 16 Mar, 2023
Application Correction | Mode: Online
13 Mar, 2023
Last date for payment of application fee online | Mode: Online
13 Mar, 2023
Application - Last date for submission of application forms | Mode: Online
13 Feb, 2023
Advertisement | Mode: Online
The eligibility criteria for GPAT 2023 mentions the minimum requisites that a candidate has to fulfill in order to appear for GPAT. Candidates must meet the following eligibility criteria prescribed by the authorities:
Nationality: Must be a citizen of India
Qualifying Examination: Must hold a Bachelor’s degree in Pharmacy (4 years after class 12).
Lateral entry candidates can also apply. Apart from this, candidates who are in the final year of the B. Pharmacy course are also eligible.
Who is not eligible: B.Tech (Pharmaceutical and fine chemical technology)/ Equivalent Students are not eligible.
Age Limit: There is no age limit for appearing in GPAT
Mode of Application : Online
Mode of Payment : Net Banking | Credit Card | Debit Card | Paytm | BHIM | Other
To fill the GPAT application form candidates had to first register and then enter their details related to academic, personal, communication address, qualifying examination, etc. Thereafter, scanned images of the photograph and signatures are uploaded.
Steps to fill GPAT Application Form
Step 1: Registration
Candidates must enter their personal and contact details, choose a password, and then submit them. A system-generated Application Number displays which must be noted down. This is used to complete the remaining details and steps in the GPAT application form 2023. It is also required for all future correspondence and subsequent logins
Step 2: Complete the GPAT Application Form
Candidates must login with their GPAT 2023 Application Number and Password to fill the remaining details in the application form.
Step 3: Upload Scanned Images of Candidate
The images as specified below must be uploaded. Both the photograph and signature should be in JPG/JPEG format. The size of the scanned photograph should be between 10 kb to 200 kb while that of the signature should be between 4 kb to 30 kb. The photograph should be coloured or black/white (but in clear contrast).
Imp: Facility for correction in images is not provided. So it is advisable to upload the images correctly
Step 4: Pay Examination Fee
Candidates have to deposit application fees either online or offline mode.
- For online mode: Candidates can use credit/debit card/net banking/Paytm/UPI
- For Online mode: Payment through cash at any designated SBI bank branches
Payment Details:
- General - Rs. 2000
- OBC-NCL/SC/ST/PwD/Female/Transgender: Rs. 1000
Step 5: Print the Confirmation Page
After successful payment, candidates are able to print the confirmation page. This is to be kept safe for future reference.
In case the Confirmation Page is not generated after payment of the fee, candidates may note that the transaction may have been canceled and the amount is refunded to the candidate's account. In such a case, they may have to make another payment to successfully submit the GPAT application form.
Application Fees
| Category | Quota | Mode | Gender | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | Online | Male | ₹ 2000 | |
| ST, SC, EWS, OBC, General | Online | Female | ₹ 1000 | |
| ST, EWS, SC, OBC | Online | Transgender, Male | ₹ 1000 | |
| ST, SC, EWS, OBC, General | PWD | Online | Transgender, Female, Male | ₹ 1000 |
Physical chemistry
Physical chemistry: Unit 01
Composition and physical states of matter |
|---|
| Intermolecular forces and their impact on the state of the matter |
| Various physical properties of matter, dipole moment, dielectric constant, Van Der Waal's equation and critical phenomenon, liquefaction of gases, aerosols |
Physical chemistry: Unit 02
Colligative properties |
|---|
| The liquid state, vapour pressure, ideal, and real solutions |
| Raoult's law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular weight based on colligative properties |
Physical chemistry: Unit 03
Thermodynamics |
|---|
| First, second, and third law of thermodynamics |
| Thermochemical laws, isothermic, and adiabatic processes, reversible processes, work of expansion, heat content, enthalpy, heat capacity |
| Gibb's and Helmholtz equation, and chemical potential |
Physical chemistry: Unit 04
Refractive index |
|---|
| Refractive index, specific refractivity, molar refractivity, refractometers |
Physical chemistry: Unit 05
Solutions |
|---|
| Solubility, factors affecting solubility, solubility curves |
| Types of solutions, effect of co-solvency, pH and other factors on solubility |
| Solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, and solids in liquids, critical solution temperature, law of partitioning and its applications |
| Solute-solvent interactions |
| Expression of the concentration of pharmaceutical solutions and calculations |
| Molarity, molality, mole fraction, and percentage expressions |
Physical chemistry: Unit 06
Electrochemistry |
|---|
| Properties of electrolyte solutions, electrolysis |
| Faraday's law of electrolysis, electron transport, electrical cell, single electrode potential, concentration cells, half-cells and half-cell potential, types of half cells, sign convention, Nernst equation, salt bridge, electromotive series |
| Standard potential, SHE |
| Measuring the relative voltage of half cells, calculation of standard potential |
| Reference and indicator electrodes |
| Standard oxidation-reduction potential |
Physical chemistry: Unit 07
Ionic equilibrium |
|---|
| Theory of conductivity, equivalent conductance, mobility of ions, specific conductance |
Physical chemistry: Unit 08
Kinetics |
|---|
| Order of reactions, derivation, and internal form of rate laws, molarities of reaction, derivation of rate constants |
Physical pharmacy
Physical pharmacy: Unit 01
Matter, properties of matter |
|---|
| States of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heat and vapour pressure, sublimation-critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glasses state |
| Solid crystalline and amorphous polymorphism |
Physical pharmacy: Unit 02
Micromeritics and powder rheology |
|---|
| Particle size and distribution, average particle size number and weight distribution, particle number, methods of determining particle size and volume, optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, determining surface areas, permeability, adsorption |
| Derived properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement densities, bulkiness and flow properties |
Physical pharmacy: Unit 03
Surface and interfacial phenomenon |
|---|
| Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tension, spreading coefficient, adsorption and liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency |
| Absorption at solid interfaces, solid gas and solid-liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interfaces |
Physical pharmacy: Unit 04
Viscosity and rheology |
|---|
| Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematics viscosity, effect of temperature, non-Newtonian systems, pseudo plastics, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy in formulations, determination of viscosity and thixotropy by capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometer |
| Application of theology in pharmacy |
Physical pharmacy: Unit 05
Dispersion systems |
|---|
| Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids, application of colloids in pharmacy |
| Suspensions and emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended particles settling in suspension, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian movement, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles |
| Suspensions and emulsions: Significance of electrical properties in dispersions, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological considerations, emulsions: Types, theories, physical stability |
Physical pharmacy: Unit 06
Complexation |
|---|
| Classification of complexes, methods of preparations, and analysis, applications |
Physical pharmacy: Unit 07
Buffer |
|---|
| Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general |
| Buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparations, and stability, buffered isotonic solutions |
| Measurements of tonicity calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity |
Physical pharmacy: Unit 08
Solubility |
|---|
| Miscibility: Influence of foreign substances, three component systems; dielectric constant and solubility, solubility of solids in liquids, ideal and non-ideal solutions, solvation and association in solutions, solubility of salts in water |
| Miscibility: Solubility of slightly soluble and weak electrolyte, calculating solubility of weak electrolytes as influenced by pH, influence of solvents on the solubility of drugs, combined effect of pH and solvents |
| Miscibility: Distribution of solutes between immiscible solvents, effect of ionic dissociation and molecular association on partition, extraction, preservatives action of weak acids in emulsions, drug action and distribution coefficient |
| Concepts of dissolution and diffusion |
Organic chemistry
Organic chemistry: Unit 01
General principles |
|---|
| A brief review of classification and sources of organic compounds, sp³, sp², sp hybridization, sigma and pi-bonds, bond lengths, bond angles, and bond energies along with their significance in reactions should be carried out |
| An overview of bond polarization, hydrogen bonds, inductive effects, resonance, and hyper conjugation be taken |
| Concept of homolytic and heterolytic bond fission, acidity, and basicity with different theories should be covered briefly |
| Ease of formation and order of stabilities of electron deficient, and electron rich species along with the reasons for the same should be covered |
| Relationships between energy content, stability, reactivity, and their importance in chemical reactions should be covered |
| Calculations for determining empirical and molecular formula should be covered |
Organic chemistry: Unit 02
Different classes of compounds |
|---|
| Alkanes (including cyclic compounds): IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Alkanes (including cyclic compounds): Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Alkenes (including cyclic compounds): IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Alkenes (including cyclic compounds): Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Alkynes (only open-chain compounds): IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Alkynes (only open-chain compounds): Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Aliphatic hydroxyl compounds: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Aliphatic hydroxyl compounds: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Alkyl halides: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Alkyl halides: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Aldehydes and ketones: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Carboxylic acids: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Carboxylic acids: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| All functional derivatives of carboxylic acids: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| All functional derivatives of carboxylic acids: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
Organic chemistry: Unit 03
Protection and deprotection of groups |
|---|
| Introduction to protection and deprotection of functional groups |
| Two examples each for amino, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups |
| The significance of these in syntheses should be explained |
Organic chemistry: Unit 04
Aromaticity and chemistry of aromatic compounds |
|---|
| Concept of aromaticity, Huckel's rule and its use in determining the aromatic/ non-aromatic character of a compound |
| A brief coverage of structure of benzene |
| Detailed coverage of electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions |
| Reactivity and orientation in these reactions |
| Reactivity and orientation in mono-and disubstituted benzenes |
| Benzyne mechanism |
Organic chemistry: Unit 05
Different aromatic classes of compounds |
|---|
| Aromatic hydrocarbons: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Aromatic hydrocarbons: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Phenolic compounds: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Phenolic compounds: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Aromatic and aliphatic amines: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Aromatic and aliphatic amines: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Diazonium salts: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Diazonium salts: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Aromatic nitro-compounds, aryl halides, and ethers: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Aromatic nitro-compounds, aryl halides, and ethers: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
Organic chemistry: Unit 06
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
|---|
| Syntheses and reactions with mechanisms of bi and tricyclic fused carbocyclic rings like naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene |
Organic chemistry: Unit 07
Carbonyl chemistry |
|---|
| Carbonyl chemistry involving group conversions and their reaction mechanisms along with stereochemistry wherever applicable |
| Wolff-Kishner reduction and Huang-Minlon modification |
| Reduction of aryl sulfonyl hydrazine/ hydrazones to alkanes |
| Bamford steven reaction |
| Dcc oxidation of alcohol |
| Michael addition/ 1,4-addition/ conjugate addition |
| Mannich condensation/ reaction |
| Robinson annulation |
| Stobbe condensation |
| Darzens glycidic ester synthesis |
| Beckmann rearrangement |
| Baeyer villiger rearrangement |
| Curtius, wolff, and lossen rearrangements |
| Willgerodt rearrangement |
| Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement |
| Methylene transfer reactions |
| Use of diazomethane and sulphur ylides in the same |
| Mono-and dialkylations in 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds |
| Formation and use of enol ethers, enol acetates, and enamines as protective groups and in regiospecific alkylations |
Organic chemistry: Unit 08
Heterocyclic chemistry |
|---|
| IUPAC nomenclature of heterocyclic rings (3-10 membered) containing O, S, and N atoms |
| Nomenclature of above rings containing mono-, di-, and multiple (same or different) heteroatoms should also be covered |
| Nomenclature of 2 and 3 fused rings containing mono-, di-, and multiple heteroatoms (same or different) should also be covered |
| Syntheses and reactions of three to six-membered rings in detail |
| Syntheses of five and six-membered rings containing mono-or any di-heteroatoms (O, S, and N) |
| Syntheses of quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, and benzimidazole, benzotriazole, and benzothiazole |
Organic chemistry: Unit 09
Bridged rings |
|---|
| Bridged ring systems and their nomenclature |
| C₈, C₉, C₁₁ bridged bicyclic alkanes |
| Chemistry of hexamine, morphan, biperiden, amantadine, diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane |
Organic chemistry: Unit 10
Kinetic and thermodynamic control |
|---|
| Kinetic and thermodynamic control of sulfonation, enolate anion formation and alkylation of enamine reactions |
Organic chemistry: Unit 11
Stereochemistry |
|---|
| Chirality and asymmetry (introduction of the same to S, P, and N) |
| Definition and classification (different types of isomerism's) |
| Enantiomers, diastereomers |
| Enantiomerism and diastereomerism |
| Meso compounds and their optical activity |
| Stereochemistry in acyclic compounds |
| Newman projection formulae and their significance |
| Conformational analysis of n-butane |
| Absolute and relative configuration |
| Assigning r and s configuration based on cahn ingold and prelog system |
| Racemic mixture-its definition and resolution |
| Definitions of terms stereoselective, stereospecific, enantiomeric excess and diastereomeric excess |
| Stereochemistry in cyclic systems |
| Conformations of cyclohexane |
| Cis-trans relationship in cyclohexane |
| Prediction of stability of different conformations of 1, 2- 1,3-, and 1,4-disubstituted cyclohexanes |
| Effect of multiple substitutions on the stability of cyclohexane conformations |
| Chair conformations of cis-, and trans-decalins, perhydrophenanthrenes, and a tetracyclic steroidal nucleus |
| An introduction to atropisomerism |
Organic chemistry: Unit 12
Carbohydrates |
|---|
| Definition and classification |
| D and L nomenclature in sugars |
| Different ways of drawing/ representing a sugar molecule (including cyclic structure), interconversion of these representations |
| Anomers and epimers |
| Mutarotation |
| Reactions of glucose |
| Chain extension and chain reduction of a sugar |
Organic chemistry: Unit 13
Amino acids and proteins |
|---|
| Definition and classification |
| D and l amino acids, natural, essential, and non-essential amino acids |
| Denaturation, Strecker, Gabriel phthalimide methods for the preparation of amino acids |
| Peptide bond and its formation |
| Two protective groups each, for -nh2 and -cooh functionalities during protein synthesis |
| Sequencing of a protein by chemical and enzymatic methods |
Organic chemistry: Unit 14
Pericyclic reactions |
|---|
| Concept of homo and lumo |
| Drawing of HOMO and LUMO of 1, 3-butadiene, allylic cation, radical and anion, and 1, 3, 5-hexatriene, Diel's-Alder and retro Diel's Alder reaction |
Pharmaceutical chemistry-Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry
Pharmaceutical chemistry-Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry: Unit 01
Pharmaceutical impurities |
|---|
| Impurities in pharmaceutical substances, sources, types, and effects of impurities |
| Limit tests for heavy metals like lead, iron, arsenic, mercury, and for chloride, and sulphate as per Indian pharmacopoeia (IP) |
Pharmaceutical chemistry-Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry: Unit 02
Monographs |
|---|
| Monograph and its importance, various tests included in monographs as per IP a study of the following compounds with respect to their methods of preparation, assay, and pharmaceutical uses of sodium citrate, calcium carbonate |
| Copper sulphate, light and heavy kaolin, ammonium chloride, and ferrous gluconate |
Pharmaceutical chemistry-Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry: Unit 03
Isotopes |
|---|
| Stable and radioactive, mode and rate of decay |
| Types and measurement of radioactivity |
| Radio pharmaceuticals and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications in pharmacy and medicine such as ¹²⁵I, ³²P, ⁵¹Cr, ⁶⁰Co, ⁵⁹Fe, ⁹⁹Tc-M |
| Radio contrast media, use of BaSO₄ in medicine |
Pharmaceutical chemistry-Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry: Unit 04
Dentifrices, desensitizing agents, and anticaries agents |
|---|
Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry
Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 01
Therapeutic classes of drugs |
|---|
| General anesthetics |
| Local anesthetics |
| Diagnostic agents |
| Coagulants, anticoagulants, and plasma expanders |
| Antiseptics, disinfectants, sterilants, and astringents |
| Purgatives, laxatives, and antidiarrhoeal agents |
Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 02
Various classes of therapeutic agents |
|---|
| Antimalarials: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism) |
| Antimalarials: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antiamoebic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism) |
| Antiamoebic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Anthelmintic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Anthelmintic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antibacterial sulpha drugs (only): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antibacterial sulpha drugs (only): Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Quinolone antibacterials: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Quinolone antibacterials: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antimycobacterial drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antimycobacterial drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antifungal agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antifungal agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antiviral agents including HIV and anti-HIV drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules |
| Antiviral agents including HIV and anti-HIV drugs: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Thyroid and antithyroid drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Thyroid and antithyroid drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antiallergic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antiallergic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antiulcer agents and proton pump inhibitor: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antiulcer agents and proton pump inhibitor: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Hypoglycemic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Hypoglycemic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 03
Different classes of therapeutic drugs |
|---|
| Sedative-hypnotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Sedative-hypnotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antiepileptic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antiepileptic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Neuroleptics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Neuroleptics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Anti-anxiety drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Anti-anxiety drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Penicillins, cephalosporins and other beta-lactam antibiotics like imipenem and aztreonam: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Penicillins, cephalosporins and other beta-lactam antibiotics like imipenem and aztreonam: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Chloramphenicol: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Chloramphenicol: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Tetracyclines: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Tetracyclines: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Macrolide antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Macrolide antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Lincomycins: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Lincomycins: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Polypeptide antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Polypeptide antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Anticancer antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Anticancer antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Steroids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Corticosteroids (gluco- and mineralocorticoids) and anti-inflammatory steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Corticosteroids (gluco- and mineralocorticoids) and anti-inflammatory steroids: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Sex steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Sex steroids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Male and female contraceptive agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Male and female contraceptive agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Anabolic steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Anabolic steroids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Anticancer agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Anticancer agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Narcotic (centrally acting) analgesics (analgetics): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Narcotic (centrally acting) analgesics (analgetics): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Morphine and all its structural modifications (peripheral and nuclear): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Morphine and all its structural modifications (peripheral and nuclear): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Narcotic agonists and antagonists (dual and pure): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Narcotic agonists and antagonists (dual and pure): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Non-narcotic analgesics (NSAIDS): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules |
| Non-narcotic analgesics (NSAIDS): Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Difference between narcotic and non-narcotic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Difference between narcotic and non-narcotic agents: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Adrenergic drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Adrenergic drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Neurotransmitters and their role: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Neurotransmitters and their role: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| General and specific adrenergic agonists and antagonists (up to alpha-2 and beta-2 only): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| General and specific adrenergic agonists and antagonists (up to alpha-2 and beta-2 only): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Cholinergic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Cholinergic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic agonists and antagonists (up to M2 and N2): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic agonists and antagonists (up to M2 and N2): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Neuronal (transmission) blockers: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Neuronal (transmission) blockers: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules |
| Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules |
| Drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Central and peripheral muscle relaxants: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules |
| Central and peripheral muscle relaxants: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Hypertensive, antihypertensive, and antianginal agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Hypertensive, antihypertensive, and antianginal agents: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Diuretics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Diuretics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Eicosanoids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Eicosanoids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules |
| Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Their biochemical role, biosynthesis, and inhibitor |
Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 04
Introduction to quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) |
|---|
| Linear free energy relationship |
| Hammett's equation |
| Use of substituent constants such as π, σ, Es, and physicochemical parameters such as pKa, partition coefficient, Rm, chemical shifts, molar refractivity |
| Simple and valance molecular connectivity to indicate electronic effects, lipophilic effects, and steric effects |
| Introduction, methodology, advantages and disadvantages/ limitations of Hansch analysis |
Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 05
Asymmetric synthesis |
|---|
| Chirality, chiral pool, sources of various naturally available chiral compounds |
| Eutomers, distomers, eudismic ratio |
| Enantioselectivity and enantiospecificity |
| Enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess |
| Prochiral molecules |
| Asymmetric synthesis of captopril and propranolol |
Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 06
Combinatorial chemistry |
|---|
| Introduction and basic terminology |
| Databases and libraries |
| Solid phase synthesis technique |
| Types of supports and linkers, wang, rink, and dihydropyran derivatized linkers |
| Reactions involving these linkers |
| Manual parallel and automated parallel synthesis |
| Houghton's tea bag method, micromanipulation, recursive deconvolution |
| Mix and split method for the synthesis of tripeptides |
| Limitations of combinatorial synthesis |
| Introduction to throughput screening |
Pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutics: Unit 01
Pharmacy profession and introduction to pharmaceuticals |
|---|
| Pharmacy as a career, evaluation of pharmacy, earlier period middle to modern ages |
| Definition, importance of pharmaceuticals, areas concerned, scope of pharmaceutics, history and development of the profession of pharmacy, and pharmaceutical industry in India |
| A brief review of present Indian pharmacy |
| Industry in global perspective |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 02
Introduction to dosage form |
|---|
| Definition of the drug |
| New drug and dosage form |
| The desirable properties of a dosage form, the need of dosage form |
| Ideas about the available type of dosage forms and new drug delivery system |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 03
Sources of drug information |
|---|
| Introduction to pharmacopoeia with reference to IP, BP, USP, and international pharmacopeia |
| Study of structure/ features (index) general notice and compartment of monographs of excipients, drug and drug product |
| Other sources |
| Textbooks, journals, internet (drug information system, online database, patient/ consumer information and non-print material |
| Classification of information, primary, secondary, and tertiary |
| Nomenclature of the drug |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 04
Allopathic dosage form |
|---|
| Merits/ demerits, importance, formulation development-vehicles/ excipients with examples for the dosage form: Liquid dosage form-monophasic liquid dosage form |
| Aromatic waters, syrup, elixir, linctus, lotion, liniment, glycerites, solutions, spirits, ENT preparations, mixtures, paints, mouthwash |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 05
Crude extract |
|---|
| Infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, tincture, and extract |
| Methods of preparations of dry, soft, and liquid extract |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 06
Allergenic extract |
|---|
| Types of allergens, preparation of extract, testing, and standardization of extracts |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 07
Biological products |
|---|
| Absorbable and non-absorbable material types, sutures, and ligatures, processing, manufacturing, sterilization, packing, QC tests of materials like catgut and nylon |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 08
Pharmaceutical plant, location, layout |
|---|
| Plant location and layout of an industry |
| Various factors affecting locational aspects of chemical and pharmaceutical plants |
| The layout of plant building and importance of flow sheet, the difference between scientific process and technological process, the layout of various departments, equipment, and product layout v/s process layout |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 09
Dosage form necessities and additives |
|---|
| Antioxidants, preservatives, coloring agents, flavoring agents, and diluting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, ointment bases, solvents, and others |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 10
Powders |
|---|
| Advantages and limitations as dosage form, manufacturing procedure and equipment, special care and problems in manufacturing powders, powders of IP, effervescent granules and salts |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 11
Capsules |
|---|
| Hard gelatin capsules, shell formulation, and manufacturing, capsule sizes, storage, filing, cleaning process general formulation contents and evaluation |
| Soft gelatin capsules, shell formulation, formulation contents, filing, sealing, and storage |
| Microencapsulation, advantages, encapsulation materials, methods of microencapsulation, IP formulations |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 12
Tablets |
|---|
| Types, ideal requirement, classification, granulation methods, general formulation, compression machines, different types of tooling's, difficulties in tableting, troubleshooting aspects, evaluation, sugar coating, compression coating, film coating |
| Problems in tablet coatings and their troubleshooting aspects |
| Ip formulations |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 13
Parenterals-product requiring sterile packaging |
|---|
| Definition, types advantages and limitations, general formulation, vehicles, production procedure, production facilities, controls, tests, selected IP injections, sterile powders, implants, emulsions, suspensions |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 14
Suspensions |
|---|
| Formulation of deflocculated and flocculated suspension, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP suspensions |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 15
Emulsions |
|---|
| Types, emulsifying agents, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP emulsions |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 16
Suppositories |
|---|
| Ideal requirements, bases, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 17
Semisolids |
|---|
| Definitions, bases, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 18
Liquids (solutions, syrups, elixirs, spirits, aromatic water, liquid for external uses) |
|---|
| Definition, types, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 19
Pharmaceutical aerosols |
|---|
| Definition, propellants, general formulation, manufacturing and packaging methods, pharmaceutical applications |
| Impacts of propellants on the environment |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 20
Ophthalmic preparations |
|---|
| Requirement, formulation, methods of preparation, containers, evaluation, IP products |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 21
Preformulations |
|---|
| Consideration of Importance, physical properties, physical forms, particle size, crystal forms, bulk control, solubility, wetting, flow cohesiveness, compressibility |
| Organoleptic properties and its effect on final product consideration of chemical properties, hydrolysis, oxidation, recemization, polymerization, isomerization, decarboxylation, enzymatic decomposition, formulation additives, stabilizers |
| Suspending and dispersing agents dyes, solid excipients etc and its effect on quality of finished product |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 22
Stability of formulated products |
|---|
| Requirements, drug regulatory aspects, pharmaceutical products stability, shelf life, overages, containers, closures |
| Reaction rate and order, acid-base catalysis, destabilization, and accelerated stability testing |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 23
Prolonged action pharmaceuticals |
|---|
| Benefits, limitations, oral products, terminology, drug elimination rate, types and construction of implants products, product evaluation, parenteral products, absorption and evaluation |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 24
Novel drug delivery system |
|---|
| Critical fluid technology, transdermal drug delivery system, controlled drug delivery system, multiple emulsion, nanoparticles, targeted drug delivery system, aerosols, inhalation and new products reported etc |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 25
GMP and validation |
|---|
| Introduction to GMP, QC, and QA |
| Concept and need of good manufacturing practice guidelines |
| Elements of GMP covering controls of area and processes, and product |
| Regulations related to gmp |
| Introduction of the validation process |
| Types of validation |
| The brief methodology of process, equipment, and instrument validation |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 26
Packaging materials |
|---|
| Role and features of pharmaceutical packing materials |
| Glass, plastic, rubber, metal, and paper as pharmaceutical packaging material |
| General quality control of pharmaceutical packages |
| Primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging materials |
| Child resistant and pilfer-proof packaging |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 27
Cosmetics |
|---|
| Formulation and preparation of dentifrices, hair creams, lipsticks, face powders, shaving preparations, skin creams, shampoos, hair dyes, depilatories, manicure preparations etc |
Pharmaceutics: Unit 28
Pilot plant scale-up techniques |
|---|
| Need, organization, and layout, scale-up techniques for solid and liquid dosage forms |
| Technology transfer |
Pharmacology
Pharmacology: Unit 01
General pharmacology |
|---|
| Introduction to pharmacology-definition, scope, and source of drugs, dosage forms and routes of drug administration |
| Pharmacy codynamics-mechanism of drug action, receptors, classification, and drug-receptor interactions, combined effects of drugs, factors modifying drug actions |
| Pharmacokinetics-mechanism and principle of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs |
| Principles of basic and clinical pharmacokinetics |
| Pharmacogenetics |
| Adverse drug reactions |
| Discovery and development of new drugs-preclinical and clinical studies |
Pharmacology: Unit 02
Nerohumoral transmission in autonomic and central nervous system |
|---|
| Neurohumoral transmission (Autonomic and somatic) |
| Neurohumoral transmission in the c.n.s with special emphasis on pharmacology of various neurotransmitters |
| Nitric oxide: Biosynthesis of nitric oxide and its physiological role |
| Therapeutic use of nitric oxide and nitric oxide donors |
| Clinical condition in which nitric oxide may play a part |
| Peptides and proteins as mediators: General principal of peptide pharmacology biosynthesis and regulation of peptides peptide antagonists. Protein and peptide as drugs |
Pharmacology: Unit 03
Pharmacology of peripheral nervous system |
|---|
| Parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, sympathomimetics, sympatholytics, ganglionic stimulants and blockers |
| Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral) |
| Local anesthetic agents |
| Drugs used in myasthenia gravis |
Pharmacology: Unit 04
Pharmacology of central nervous system |
|---|
| General anesthetics |
| Alcohols and disulfiram |
| Sedatives, hypnotics, and centrally acting muscle relaxants, psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety agents, anti-manics, and hallucinogens |
| Anti-epileptic drugs |
| Anti-parkinsonism drugs |
| Nootropics |
| Narcotic analgesics, drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance, and dependence |
Pharmacology: Unit 05
Pharmacology of cardiovascular system |
|---|
| Introduction of hemodynamics and electrophysiology of heart |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs, anti-anginal agents, anti-arrhythmic drugs |
| Drugs used in congestive heart failure |
| Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs |
| Drugs used in the therapy of shock |
| Haematinics, anticoagulants, and haemostatic agents |
| Fibrinolytics and antiplatelet drugs |
| Blood and plasma volume expanders |
Pharmacology: Unit 06
Drugs acting on urinary system |
|---|
| Diuretics and anti-diuretics |
Pharmacology: Unit 07
Drugs acting on respiratory system |
|---|
| Anti-asthmatic drugs, mucolytics and nasal decongestants, anti-tussives, and expectorants |
| Respiratory stimulants |
Pharmacology: Unit 08
Pharmacology of endocrine system |
|---|
| Basic concepts in endocrine pharmacology |
| Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones |
| Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs, parathormone, calcitonin, and vitamin-D |
| Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and glucagon |
| Acth and corticosteroids |
| Androgens and anabolic steroids |
| Estrogens, progesterone, and oral contraceptives |
| Drugs acting on the uterus |
Pharmacology: Unit 09
Chemotherapy |
|---|
| General principles of chemotherapy |
| Sulphonamides and co-trimoxazole |
| Antibiotics-penicillins, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, macrolides, quinolones, and fluoroquinolons |
| Tetracyclines |
| Aminoglycosides and miscellaneous antibiotics |
| Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, AIDS, protozoal diseases, worm infections, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases |
| Chemotherapy of malignancy |
Pharmacology: Unit 10
Autacoids and their antagonists |
|---|
| Histamine, 5-HT and their agonsists, and antagonists |
| Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes |
| pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, angiotensin, bradykinin and substance P., analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-gout drugs |
Pharmacology: Unit 11
Pharmacology of drug acting on the gastrointestinal tract |
|---|
| Antacids, anti-secretary, and antiulcer drugs |
| Laxatives and antidiarrheal drugs |
| Appetite stimulants and suppressants |
| Digestants and carminatives |
| Emetics and anti-emetics |
Pharmacology: Unit 12
Chronopharmacology |
|---|
| Definition of rhythm and cycles |
| Biological clocks and their significance leading to chronotherapy |
Pharmacology: Unit 13
Immnopharmacology |
|---|
| Immunostimulants and immunosuppressants |
Pharmacology: Unit 14
Vitamins and minerals |
|---|
| Vitamin deficiency diseases and their management |
| Role of minerals in health and diseases |
Pharmacology: Unit 15
Principles of toxicology |
|---|
| Definition of poison |
| General principles of treatment of poisoning |
| Treatment of poisoning due to heavy metals, insecticides, opioids, and other addict forming drugs |
| Study of acute, sub acute, and chronic toxicity as per OECD guidelines (guidelines 420, 423, 425, 407, 408, 451/ 452; only names and significance, detailed procedures and minute details are not expected) |
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy: Unit 01
Introductory pharmacognosy |
|---|
| Historical development, modern concept, and scope of pharmacognosy |
| The significance of pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine practiced in India Viz: Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathic and Siddha |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 02
Classification of crude drugs |
|---|
| Based on alphabetical, morphological, pharmacological, chemical, taxonomical, and chemotaxonomic methods: Organized and unorganized drugs-official and unofficial drugs |
| Plants, animals, and minerals: Marine products-plant tissue culture |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 03
Factors influencing quality of crude drugs |
|---|
| Exogenous factors: Temperature, rainfall, daylight, altitude, and soil |
| Endogenous factors: Mutation, polyploidy, and hybridization in medicinal plants |
| Production factors including collection, drying, storage, and transport methods |
| Study of morphological and histological characters of crude drugs, ergastic cell inclusions, anatomical structures of both monocot and dicot stems, leaves and roots: Barks, fruits, and seeds |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 04
Techniques in microscopy |
|---|
| Details of mountants, clearing agents, chemomicroscopic (microchemical) reagents |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 05
Introduction to phytoconstituents |
|---|
| Definition, classification, chemical tests, and pharmaceutical importance of: Carbohydrates and their derivatives, fats and proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, resins, lipids and volatile oils |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 06
Principles of plant classification |
|---|
| Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important plants with special reference to: Algae-rhodophyceae (agar, alginic acid, diatoms). Fungi-ergot, yeast, and penicillium. Gymnosperm-pinaceae (turpentine, colophony), gnetaceae (ephedra) |
| Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important plants with special reference to: Angiosperm-apocynaceae, asteraceae, lamiaceae, rubiaceae, rutaceae, solanaceae, scrophulariaceae, leguminosae, papaveraceae, acanthaceae and apiaceae |
| Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important plants with special reference to: Pteridophytes-male fern |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 07
Pharmaceutical aids |
|---|
| Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Starches, acacia gum, tragacanth, sterculia, guar gum, pectin, arachis oil, castor oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, cotton, silk, wool, regenerated fibers, asbestos, kaolin |
| Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Prepared chalk, kieselguhr |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 08
Animal products |
|---|
| Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Shellac, cochineal, cantharides, woolfat, lard, beeswax, honey, musk, lanolin, gelatin |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 09
Plant products |
|---|
| Introduction to plant bitters, sweeteners, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and photosensitizing agents |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 10
Toxic drugs |
|---|
| Study of allergens, hallucinogens, narcotics |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 11
Enzymes |
|---|
| Biological sources, preparation, characters, and uses of: Diastase, papain bromelain, ficin, yeast, pancreatin, urokinase, pepsin, trypsin, penicillinase, hyaluronidase and streptokinase |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 12
Natural pesticides and insecticides |
|---|
| Introduction to herbicides, fungicides, fumigants and rodenticides tobacco, pyrethrum, and neem |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 13
Adulteration and evaluation of crude drugs |
|---|
| Different methods of adulteration: Evaluation of drugs by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods |
| Deterioration of herbal drugs by insects |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 14
Quantitative microscopy |
|---|
| Definition and determination of stomatal index, stomatal number, palisade ratio, vein islet number, vein termination number, lycopodium spore method |
| Micrometers and measurement of microscopic characters |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 15
Biogenetic pathways |
|---|
| Formation of primary and secondary metabolites |
| Study of Calvin cycle, TCA cycle, shikimic acid pathway, Embden-Mayerhoff pathway, acetate hypothesis, isoprenoid pathway |
| Biosynthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and volatile oils |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 16
Carbohydrates and lipids |
|---|
| Biological sources, salient morphological features, chemical constituents, and uses of: Plantago, bael, chaulmoogra oil, neem oil, shark liver oil, cod liver oil, guggul lipids |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 17
Tannins |
|---|
| Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, chemical test, and uses of: Pale catechu, black catechu, nutgalls, terminalia belerica, terminalia chebula, terminalia arjuna |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 18
Volatile oils |
|---|
| Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Black pepper, turpentine, mentha, coriander, cardamom, cinnamon, cassia, lemon peel, orange peel, lemongrass, citronella, cumin, caraway, dill, spearmint, clove, anise |
| Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Star anise, fennel, nutmeg, eucalyptus, chenopodium, ajowan, sandalwood |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 19
Resinous drugs |
|---|
| Classification, formation, sources, chemical constituents, identification test, adulterants, and uses of: Benzoin, peru balsam, tolu balsam, colophony, myrrh, asafoetida, jalap, colocynth, ginger, turmeric, capsicum, cannabis, podophyllum |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 20
Glycosides |
|---|
| Nature and classification |
| Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Digitalis, strophanthus, squill, thevetia, oleander, cascara, aloe, rhubarb, senna, quassia, dioscorea, quillaia, glycyrrhiza, ginseng, gentian, wild cherry, withania |
| Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Bitter almond |
| Biosynthesis of cardiac and anthraquinone glycosides |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 21
Alkaloids |
|---|
| Nature, classification, biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Areca nut, belladonna, hyoscymous, stramonium, duboisea, coca, coffee, tea, cinchona, opium, ipecac, nux vomica, ergot, rauwolfia, vinca, kurchi |
| Nature, classification, biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Ephedra, colchicum, vasaca, pilocarpus, aconite, solanum xanthocarpum |
| Biosynthesis of tropane, cinchona, and opium alkaloids |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 22
Extraction and isolation techniques |
|---|
| General methods used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of alkaloids, lipids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, volatile oils and resins |
| Application of column, paper, and thin layer chromatographic techniques, for the isolation of phytopharmaceuticals |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 23
Phytopharmaceuticals |
|---|
| Isolation, identification, and estimation of: Caffeine, eugenol, digoxin, piperine, tannic acid, diosgenin, hesperidin, berberine, calcium sennosides, rutin, glycyrrhizin, menthol, ephedrine, quinine, andrographolides and guggul lipids |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 24
Quality control and standardization of herbal drugs |
|---|
| Quality control of herbal drugs as per WHO, AYUSH, and pharmacopoeial guidelines-extractive values, ash values, chromatographic techniques (TLC, HPTLC, and HPLC) for determination of chromatographic markers |
| Determination of heavy metals, insecticides, pesticides, and microbial load in herbal preparations |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 25
Herbal formulations |
|---|
| Principals involved in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Chinese and Homeopathic systems of medicines |
| Preparation of ayurvedic formulations like aristas, asava, ghutika, tailia, churna, avaleha, ghrita, and bhasmas: Unani formulations like majooms, safoofs |
| Determination of alcohol contents in arishtas and asavas |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 26
Worldwide trade of crude drugs and volatile oils |
|---|
| Study of drugs having high commercial value and their regulations pertaining to trade |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 27
Herbal cosmetics |
|---|
| Importance of herbals as shampoos (soapnut), conditioners, and hair darkeners, (amla, henna, hibiscus, tea), skin care (aloe, turmeric, lemon peel, vetiver) |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 28
Traditional herbal drugs |
|---|
| Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological, and clinical uses of: Punarnava (boerhaviadiffusa), shankhpushpi (convolvulus microphylla), lehsun (allium sativum), guggul (commiphora mukul) |
| Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological, and clinical uses of: Kalmegh (andrographis peniculata), tulsi (ocimum sanctum), valerian (valerian officinalis), artemisia (artemisia annua) |
| Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological, and clinical uses of: Chirata (swertia chirata), Ashoka (saraca indica) |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 29
Plants based industries and research institutes in India |
|---|
| Knowledge about the herbal products being manufactured by premier herbal industries and thrust area of the institutes involved in plant research |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 30
Patents |
|---|
| Indian and International patent laws, proposed amendments as applicable to herbal/ natural products and processes: Intellectual property rights with special reference to phytoconstituents |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 31
Ayurvedic system of medicine |
|---|
| Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, various branches of treatment in ayurveda, types of the drug formulation in Ayurveda and important Ayurvedic drugs and their uses, formulation of asavas, arishtas, watika, churna, tailas, ghruta, lep |
Pharmacognosy: Unit 32
Homeopathic system of medicine |
|---|
| Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, treatment, source of homeopathic medicines and important homeopathic drugs, and their uses |
Pharmaceutical analysis
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 01
Importance of quality control in pharmacy |
|---|
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 02
Acid-base titrations |
|---|
| Definitions of acids and bases according to Arrhenius, and Lewis theory |
| Definitions of normality, molarity, molality, and equivalent weight |
| Primary and secondary standards with examples, and differences between them |
| Standardization of strong acids and bases using primary, and secondary standards |
| Preparation of standard solutions of and calculations of equivalent weights of oxalic acid, potassium acid phthalate, calcium chloride dehydrate, and sodium carbonate |
| Calculation of factors involved in standardization of sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and oxalic acid |
| Direct, back, and differential titrations |
| Application of direct and back titrations to preparations like boric acid, and borax in a mixture, ammoniated mercury, milk of magnesia, and zinc oxide ointment |
| Law of mass action, acid-base equilibria, pH scale, pH and hydronium ion concentrations in aqueous systems, calculations of pH for weak acids and weak bases |
| Use and applications of ph meter |
| Hydrolysis of salts |
| Strengths of acids and bases, dissociation constant |
| Theory of acid-base indicators |
| Neutralization (titration) curves |
| Definition, different types of buffers (chemical and biological), and their composition |
| Buffer capacity, buffered isotonic solutions |
| Calculations involving preparation of various buffer capacity solutions |
| Biological and pharmaceutical applications of buffers |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 03
Non-aqueous titrations |
|---|
| Acid-base definitions according to Lowry-Bronsted, Lewis and Arrhenius concept |
| Factors affecting strengths of acids and bases |
| Intrinsic structure and surrounding environment |
| Protophilic, protogenic, amphiprotic, and aprotic solvents |
| Acid-base equilibria in non-aqueous media |
| Titrants and indicators used for the assay of acidic, and basic substances |
| Preparation of perchloric acid, formation of onium ion |
| Assay of 1⁰, 2⁰, 3⁰ amines and amine hydrochlorides using perchloric acid, and the reactions involved in it |
| Standardization of sodium ethoxide solution |
| Assay of phenols and phenobarbitone |
| General applications of non-aqueous titrations |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 04
Oxidation-reduction titrations |
|---|
| Definition of oxidation, reduction, oxidizing, and reducing agent |
| Equivalent weight, the concept of half reactions. Systematic balancing of half reactions with respect to: a) Oxalic acid-KMnO₄, b) FeSO₄-ceric nitrate, c) I2-sodium thiosulphate solution titrations |
| Calculation of equivalent weight of oxalic acid, KMnO₄, FeSO₄, permanganate and I2 from half-reactions |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (a) Redox titrations-KMnO₄ as a self indicator, it's preparation, standardization, and use in the assay of ferrous gluconate tablets, H₂O₂, and NaNO₂ solution |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (b) Iodimetric and iodometric titrations. Definitions and difference between iodimetry and iodometry. Preparation, standardization of iodine solution. Assay of ascorbic acid and sulphur ointment by iodimetry |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (b) Assay of copper sulphate and ferric chloride by iodometry |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (c) Bromometric titrations |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (d) Iodate titrations. Definition. Preparation, standardization and use of KIO₃ in the assay of ascorbic acid and KI |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (e) Cerimetric titrations. Preparation, standardization and use of ceric solutions in the assay of paracetamol tablets. Its advantages over permanganate solutions |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (f) Bromine titrations. Preparation, standardization and use of bromine solution in the assay of phenol and isoniazid tablets |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (g) Potassium dichromate titrations. Preparation, standardization and use of potassium dichromate solution in the assay of ferrous ammonium sulphate |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 05
Precipitation titrations |
|---|
| The principle of solubility product and sparingly soluble salts |
| Titrants and indicators used in Mohr's, Volhard's, and Fajan's methods |
| Preparation and standardization of silver nitrate, and ammonium thiocyanate solutions |
| Assay of sodium chloride by Mohr's method, use of nitrobenzene in the assay of halides, ammonium chloride, and thiourea by Volhard's method |
| Calculation of factors in argentometric titrations |
| Titration curve method |
| General applications of precipitation titrations |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 06
Complexometric titrations |
|---|
| Difference between double salts and coordinate compounds |
| Definitions of coordination number of metal ions, ligands-uni-, bi-, and multidentate |
| Complexing, chelating, and sequestering agents with respective examples |
| Structure of complexes of platinum with ammonia |
| Ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) as a multidentate ligand in complexometry |
| Coordinate compounds of EDTA with bi-, tri-, and tetravalent metal ions |
| Stability of complexes and factors affecting it, use of buffers in EDTA titrations |
| Selective analysis of ions based on pH adjustments, use of masking, and demasking agents, pM or metal ion indicators |
| Standardization of EDTA solution, titration curves, and examples of assays carried out by direct and back titrations and by replacement of one complex by the other |
| Applications of complexometry in the assays of calcium gluconate, milk of magnesia, zinc undecenoate ointment, and aluminium hydroxide gel |
| Assay of naf by indirect titration |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 07
Gravimetry |
|---|
| Principles of gravimetry |
| Factors affecting precipitation, formation, and properties of the precipitate |
| Colloidal state |
| Impurities in the precipitate, conditions of precipitation |
| Precipitation from homogenous solutions, washing, drying, and ignition of the precipitate |
| Experimental techniques of drying and ignition |
| Applications of gravimetry in pharmacy |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 08
Extraction techniques |
|---|
| Liquid-liquid extraction, separation of mixtures by extraction |
| Distribution law |
| Successive and multiple extraction (Craig method), continuous counter-current extraction |
| Effect of temperature and ph on extraction |
| Inert solute, associate ion pair formation, emulsion problem in extractions |
| Applications in pharmacy |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 09
Potentiometry |
|---|
| Theory, ion-selective electrodes, measurement of potential, red-ox titration curve, pH measurement, the relation of pH to potential |
| Applications in pharmacy |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 10
Miscellaneous methods of analysis |
|---|
| Diazotization titrations |
| Kjeldahl nitrogen estimation |
| Karl Fischer titrations |
| Liquid gelenicals |
| Oxygen flask determination of alcohol content in liquid gelenicals |
| Oxygen flask combustion method |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 11
Calibration |
|---|
| Calibration of instruments |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 12
General principles of spectroscopy |
|---|
| Wave-particle duality, wave properties, particulate properties |
| Line and band spectrum |
| Electromagnetic spectrum |
| Absorption and emission spectroscopy |
| Understanding of terms such as absorbance, transmittance, absorptivities, molar absorptivity, E 1cm 1%, λmax, the effect of solvent and pH on λmax |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 13
Ultraviolet-visible spectrometry |
|---|
| Different electronic transitions |
| Auxochromes and their effects, auxochromic, bathochromic, and hypsochromic shifts (red and blue shifts) |
| Beer-Lambert law, its derivation, deviations in Beer's law |
| Single and double beam spectrophotometers covering sources of radiations, different monochromators, detectors such as barrier cell, photocell, photomultiplier tube |
| Photodiode array detector |
| Applications of this technique in qualitative and quantitative estimations giving emphasis on problem-solving |
| Fieser-woodward rules for calculations of theoretical λmax values |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 14
Spectrofluorimetry |
|---|
| Principle, definitions, and types of luminescence |
| Mechanism of fluorescence and phosphorescence |
| Singlet and triplet states, and intersystem crossing |
| Fluorescence yield and factors affecting it |
| Quenching of fluorescence and fluorescence quenchers |
| Structure and fluorescence |
| A brief discussion of instrumentation |
| Applications of fluorimetry in pharmacy |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 15
Flame photometry and atomic absorption spectrometry |
|---|
| Principle and instrumentation with emphasis on working, and importance of different components |
| Temperature, flame absorption, and emission profiles |
| Interferences and their avoidance |
| Quantitative estimations and applications |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 16
Infrared spectrometry |
|---|
| Infrared region in em spectrum |
| The principle, different stretching and bending vibrations |
| Components (and their working) of a dispersive instrument |
| Fourier transform (FT) technique, FT instruments and their comparison with dispersive instruments |
| Sample handling techniques |
| Functional group and fingerprint regions in the spectrum |
| Functional groups identification and their use in the characterization of compounds |
| Problems based on the identification of functional groups from spectra of unknown compounds |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 17
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry |
|---|
| The principle involved in the technique |
| Knowledge about fundamental terms involved such as quantized absorption, flipping of nucleus, spin number, magnetic moment, magnetogyric ratio, relaxation, etc |
| Equations relating these terms to the frequency of radiation and magnetic field (without derivation of the equations) |
| Types of relaxation processes |
| Low and high-resolution instruments |
| A brief discussion on the low-resolution instrumentation (60 MHz) |
| Quantitative knowledge of the relationship between MHz and magnetic field |
| An introduction to superconductivity magnets |
| Solvents and reference standards used |
| Setting up of NMR scale |
| Sample preparation |
| Shielding and deshielding of a proton, and its effect on chemical shifts |
| Discussion on and importance of equivalent and non equivalent protons (number of signals), chemical shifts (position of signal) and their calculation from the spectrum, chemical shifts of different H's, splitting (multiplicity) of a signal |
| Coupling constants (J values), integration (area under the signal) |
| Importance of these terms in identification (or confirmation) of different functional groups |
| Significance and contribution of j value in stereochemistry |
| Prediction (expected theoretical values) of chemical shifts and multiplicities for all protons from simple structures containing up to 12-15 carbons |
| An introduction to ft-technique and its significance in 13c-nmr spectrometry |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 18
Mass spectrometry |
|---|
| Principle |
| Low and high-resolution instruments |
| Components and importance of each in brief |
| Different types of mass spectrometric techniques |
| Brief knowledge of chemical ionization mass spectrometry |
| Calculations of hydrogen deficiency index (HDI) or unsaturation index (UI) |
| Base or parent peak, molecular ion, M + 1, M + 2 peaks |
| Calculations of molecular weight based on m +1 and m + 2 peaks |
| Formation of molecular ion and further fragmentation |
| Rearrangements in mass spectrometry |
| Major modes of fragmentations of hydrocarbons, hydroxyl compounds, halogen compounds, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines |
| Introduction (only) to recent advances in MS |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 19
Polarography |
|---|
| Principle and instrumentation |
| IIkovich equation (no derivation) and its importance |
| Dropping mercury electrode (DME), saturated calomel electrode |
| Liquid-liquid junction potential, polarographic cell |
| Explanation of origin of the S-shaped C-V curve |
| Applications of this technique |
| Amperometric titrations, principles, instrumentation, and applications |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 20
Nephelometry and turbidimetry |
|---|
| Principles, Tyndall effect |
| Duboscq turbidimeter |
| Eel's nephelometer |
| Applications |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 21
Chromatography |
|---|
| Principle, rate and plate theory, Van Deemter equation and the parameters affecting separation/ band broadening |
| Classification of chromatography, retention factor |
| A detailed study of thin layer chromatography (TLC), preparative TLC, paper chromatography (PC), column chromatography, gas chromatography (GC/ GLC) |
| Qualitative and quantitative applications of the above techniques |
| An introduction to high performance TLC (HPTLC), comparison of TLC, and HPTLC |
| brief introduction to high pressure/ performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) |
Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 22
Miscellaneous |
|---|
| An introduction to electrophoresis |
| An introduction to lasers and masers |
| Statistical treatment to experimental data |
| Sampling techniques and applications in pharmaceutical industry |
Biochemistry
Biochemistry: Unit 01
Cell |
|---|
| Revision of ultra structure of the cell, functions of various cellular constituents |
| Applications of biochemical principles to the pharmacy |
Biochemistry: Unit 02
Carbohydrates |
|---|
| Types of carbohydrates, their functions, digestion, and absorption |
| Aerobic and anaerobic oxidation with energetics |
| Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis |
| Hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP shunt) |
| Diseases associated with carbohydrate metabolism |
Biochemistry: Unit 03
Proteins |
|---|
| Different types of proteins |
| Their functions, digestion, and absorption |
| Denaturation and its effect on biological activity |
| Renaturation of proteins |
| Urea formation, urea cycle, creatinine formation |
| Transamination and deamination |
| Proteins as enzymes |
Biochemistry: Unit 04
Lipids |
|---|
| Different types of lipids |
| Their functions, digestion, absorption, and metabolism |
| Beta-oxidation of fatty acids with energetics |
| Biosynthesis of cholesterol (from acetate), adrenocorticoids, androgens, progesterone, estrogens, and bile acids/ salts |
| Ketone bodies, their formation, and biochemical significance |
| Diseases associated with lipid metabolism |
Biochemistry: Unit 05
Vitamins |
|---|
| Definition |
| Classification, structures (except B12) biochemical role, sources, daily requirements, and deficiency symptoms |
| Vitamins as cofactors in biochemical reactions |
Biochemistry: Unit 06
Biological oxidations and reductions |
|---|
| Oxidation-reduction systems in the body their role |
| Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain |
| Cytochromes and inhibitors of the same |
Biochemistry: Unit 07
Enzymes |
|---|
| Classification and their various roles |
| Enzyme cofactors |
| Enzyme kinetics |
| Michaelis-Menten equation along with its transformations |
| Double reciprocal plot |
| Factors affecting enzyme action |
| Enzyme inhibition, competitive and non-competitive, and kinetics |
Biochemistry: Unit 08
Nucleic acids |
|---|
| Different types of nucleic acids (NAs) and their composition |
| Purine and pyrimidine bases, sugars, and phosphoric acid |
| Nucleosides and nucleotides |
| Formation of NAs and their backbone |
| Different ways of representing dna and rna molecules |
| Physico-chemical properties of nas |
| Their stability in acidic and basic solutions |
| Isolation, purification, and identification, buoyant density, sedimentation coefficient, and Svedberg constant of NAs |
| De-novo biosynthesis of nas |
| DNA and the Watson-Crick model, and its features |
| Dna as the bearer of genetic information |
| The central dogma of molecular genetics and the processes defined in the same |
| Replication of dna |
| Different types of rnas with their special features and functions |
| Minor or rare bases |
| Transcription and translation |
| Different post-translational modifications of proteins |
| Triplet codon and the codon dictionary |
| Mutations |
| An introduction to different types of mutations |
| Their nature and repair |
Biochemistry: Unit 09
Hereditary diseases |
|---|
| Elliptocytosis, spherocytosis, HNPCC, diabetes insipidus |
Biotechnology
Biotechnology: Unit 01
Plant cell and tissue culture |
|---|
| Structure of plant cell, DNA, genes, and chromosomes |
| Cell and tissue culture: (a) Requirements, (b) callus culture, suspension culture, batch culture, (c) the concept of somatic hybridization, somatic embryogenesis |
| Processes and applications: (a) Isolation and immobilization of enzymes and plant cells and application, (b) protoplast and cell fusion, (c) germplasm conservation, (d) production of secondary metabolites by plant tissue culture |
| Processes and applications: (e) Gene transfer techniques |
Biotechnology: Unit 02
Animal cell culture |
|---|
| Introduction to animal cell culture, medium used in ATC |
| Use of FCS, primary culture, secondary culture, cell line |
| Cloning: Concept and application with technical hurdles |
| Transgenic animals as a source of food, organs, and tissues, concept of xenotransplant |
Biotechnology: Unit 03
Fermentation technology and industrial microbiology |
|---|
| Fermentation as a biochemical process, types of fermentation |
| Fermenter-working and construction, accessory components, modification |
| Fermentation monitoring and in situ recovery of products |
Biotechnology: Unit 04
Recombinant DNA technology |
|---|
| Basic concepts: (a) Introduction, (b) role of a restriction endonuclease, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase |
Biotechnology: Unit 05
Process and applications |
|---|
| Constructing recombinant DNA molecules:(a) DNA clones sources of DNA for cloning, (b) DNA vectors, role of expression vectors, (c) host cell for recombinant work, (d) method for screening and selecting transformants, (e) expression of foreign genes |
| Constructing recombinant DNA molecules: (f) uses of recombinant DNA |
| PCR and applications: Human gene therapy concept and applications |
| Drug delivery systems in gene therapy |
Biotechnology: Unit 06
Biotechnology derived products |
|---|
| Sources and upstream processing: (a) Introduction, (b) Escherichia coli as a source of recombinant, therapeutic protein, (c) additional production systems: Yeast, fungal production systems, transgenic animals, transgenic plants, insects cell-based systems |
| Sources and upstream processing: (c) Upstream processing |
| Downstream processing: (a) Product analysis-introduction, protein-based contaminant, removal of an altered form of the protein of interest from the product stream, (b) determination of protein concentration |
| Immunological approaches to detection of contaminant, endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants: (a) Pyrogen detection, (b) DNA as a contaminant, (c) microbial and viral contaminant, (d) viral assays, (e) miscellaneous contaminants |
| Immunological approaches to detection of contaminant, endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants: (f) Validation studies |
| Production and purification of recombinant proteins like, insulin, growth hormones, somatostatin, interferons, only examples of recombinant blood products |
Microbiology
Microbiology: Unit 01
Introduction to microbiology |
|---|
| Scope and application to pharmacy field |
| Whittaker's five kingdom concept, historical development-biogenesis vs. abiogenesis, germ theory of fermentation, germ theory of disease, the contribution of Leeuwenhoek, Robert Koch, Jenner, Louis Pasteur and Ehrlich |
Microbiology: Unit 02
Microscopy and staining technique |
|---|
| The principle, ray diagram, construction, working, and applications of light compound, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence and electron microscope |
| The concept of resolving power, magnification power, numerical aperture and angular aperture, and working distance |
| The principle application of oil immersion microscopy |
| Theory of staining, principle and technique of staining procedure-monochrome, gram, acid-fast, negative, capsule, endospore |
Microbiology: Unit 03
Biology of microorganisms |
|---|
| Cultural characteristics, pure culture techniques |
| Bacteria-morphology and fine structure of bacteria, nutritional requirement and type of culture media, growth and growth curve of bacteria, physical condition for growth, measurement of bacterial growth (counting methods), reproduction in bacteria |
| Genetic exchange-transformation, conjugation, and transduction, development of drug resistance by recombination and mutation, preservation of bacterial culture |
| Biochemical properties (sugar fermentation and IMVIC test) |
| Pathogenesis of staphylococcus, mycobacterium |
| Salmonella introductory study of disease-causing rickettsia, the importance of actinomycetes in antibiotic production |
Microbiology: Unit 04
Fungi and viruses |
|---|
| Fungi: Introduction, general characteristics, morphology, the industrial and medical significance of saccharomyces cerevisae, penicillium and aspergillus, candida albicans, epidermophyton, and trichophyta |
| Viruses: Introduction, structure, and general properties bacteriophages-lytic and lysogenic cycle, epidemiological uses of bacteriophages, human viruses-cultivation and multiplication virus-host cell interaction, pathogenesis of HIV and prions |
| Viruses: Types of tumor viruses |
Microbiology: Unit 05
Aseptic technique |
|---|
| The omnipresence of microorganisms, the importance of asepsis, sources of contamination and methods of prevention, principle, construction, and working of laminar airflow bench |
Microbiology: Unit 06
Sterilization and disinfection |
|---|
| Concept and classification, principle, and methods of sterilization, mechanisms of cell injury |
| Construction working and applications of moist heat and dry heat sterilizer, gamma radiation sterilizer, filtration sterilizer |
| Indicators of sterilization, microbial death, kinetic terms-D value, Z value |
| Terminology of chemical antimicrobial agents, chemical classification of different disinfectants, characteristics of ideal disinfectants, factors affecting the action of disinfectants, evaluation methods (RW coefficient), Kelsey Sykes test |
| Chick martin test |
Microbiology: Unit 07
Microbial spoilage |
|---|
| Types of spoilage, factors affecting spoilage of pharmaceutical products |
Microbiology: Unit 08
Vaccines and sera |
|---|
| Manufacturing (seed lot system) and quality control of bacterial vaccines and toxoids (tetanus, TAB, cholera, BCG, DPT), viral vaccine (Polio-salk sabin, rabies, MMR, hepatitis, chickenpox, influenza), antisera (diphtheria, tetanus) |
| Antiviral antisera (rabies) |
| Preparation of allergenic extracts and diagnostics |
Microbiology: Unit 09
Microbial assay |
|---|
| Importance, general methods of assay of antibiotics (cup and plate method, paper disc method, turbidometry, dilution method), methods for fungicidal and antiviral compounds, assay, microbial limit tests |
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology: Unit 01
Basic principles of cell injury and adaptation |
|---|
| Causes, pathogenesis, and morphology of cell injury, apoptosis, and necrosis |
Pathophysiology: Unit 02
Basic mechanisms of inflammation and repair |
|---|
| Pathogeneses of inflammation |
| Chemical mediators in inflammation |
| Pathogenesis of chronic inflammation |
| Repair of wounds in the skin, factors influencing healing of wounds |
Pathophysiology: Unit 03
Disorders of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance |
|---|
Pathophysiology: Unit 04
Disorders of homeostasis |
|---|
| White blood cells, lymphoid tissues, and red blood cells related diseases |
Pathophysiology: Unit 05
Immunopathology including amyloidosis |
|---|
| Host parasite relationship: Normal microbial flora of human body, infection vs. disease, pathogenicity vs. virulence, Koch and Rivers Postulates, reservoir of infection-sources of infection, portals of entry, portals of exit, vectors of infection |
| Host parasite relationship: Communicability of disease, recognized symptoms of microbial disease, classification of immunity |
| External defense mechanism of host: Skin, mucus membrane, chemical secretions, naturally occurring microbial flora |
| Internal defense mechanism: Inflammation, fever, natural killer cells, phagocytic cells, soluble mediators-complement lymphokines, interferons |
| Immune response: Specific immunity and immune response. Humoral immunity antibody response, mediators of humoral immunity, basic structure of antibody, antibody classes, and functions, maturation of immune response, immunologic memory |
| Immune response: Antigens-specificity and immunogenicity, natural vs. artificial antigens, soluble, cellular antigens, thymus independent antigen, adjuvant |
| Immune response: Hypersensitivity and its types-cellular immunity: Transplantation immunity, cellular immunity to viruses, implications of T-cell response. Acquisition of specific immunity: Natural vs. passive acquisition. Mechanism of autoimmunity |
| Immune response: Hypersensitivity and its types-cellular immunity: Classification of autoimmune diseases in man. Transplantation and allograft reactions, mechanism of rejection of allograft. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
Pathophysiology: Unit 06
Infectious diseases |
|---|
| Hepatitis-infective hepatitis |
| Sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV) |
| Pneumonia, typhoid, urinary tract infections |
| Tuberculosis |
| Leprosy |
| Malaria |
| Dysentery (bacterial and amoebic) |
Pathophysiology: Unit 07
Neoplastic diseases |
|---|
| Disturbances of growth of cells |
| General biology of tumors, differences between benign and malignant tumors |
| Classification of tumors |
| Historical diagnosis of malignancy |
| Etiology and pathogenesis of cancer |
| Invasions, metastasis, patterns of spread of cancer |
| Environmental carcinogenesis |
Pathophysiology: Unit 08
Pathophysiology of common diseases |
|---|
| Parkinsonism |
| Schizophrenia |
| Depression and mania stroke (ischemic and hemorrhage) |
| Hypertension |
| Angina |
| Myocardial infarction, CCF |
| Atherosclerosis |
| Diabetes mellitus |
| Peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease |
| Cirrhosis and alcoholic liver diseases |
| Acute and chronic renal failure |
| Asthma and chronic obstructive airway diseases |
Pathophysiology: Unit 09
Laboratory tests for liver function tests and kidney function tests |
|---|
Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics
Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics: Unit 01
Bio-pharmaceutics |
|---|
| The fate of drug after drug absorption, various mechanisms for drug absorption, drug concentration in blood, biological factors in drug absorption, physicochemical factors, dosage form consideration for gastrointestinal absorption |
| Drug absorption: (a) Gastrointestinal absorption-biological considerations, (b) gastrointestinal absorption-physicochemical considerations, (c) gastrointestinal absorption-role of the dosage form, (d) pharmacokinetics |
| Drug absorption: (d) Compartmental and non-compartmental pharmacokinetics. Biotransformation, drug disposition-distribution, drug disposition-elimination.Variability-body weight, age, sex, and genetic factors. Pharmacokinetic variability diseases |
| Drug absorption: (d) Pharmacokinetic variability-drug interactions. Individualization and optimization of drug dosing regimens |
Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics: Unit 02
Bio-availability and bio-equivalence |
|---|
| Quality parameters of dosage forms |
| Assay methods and its validation |
| Physicochemical properties of drugs and added substances and its effect on preparations, and biological availability of dosage forms |
| Pharmaceutical properties of dosage forms, disintegration, dissolution rate |
| Biological, pharmacological effects of dosage forms |
| Factors affecting bioavailability, determination of bioavailability |
| Significance of bio-equivalence studies |
| Statistical analysis of bioequivalence studies |
| Development, scale up and post approval changes (SUPAC) and in vitro (dissolution) in vivo (plasma concentration profile) correlation or IV/ IV correlation (IVIVC) |
| Multi stage-bioequivalence studies |
| Therapeutic equivalence |
| Titration design for clinical rationales |
| New drug application (NDA) |
Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics: Unit 03
Bio-pharmaceutical statistics |
|---|
| Post marketing surveillance |
| Process validation |
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 01
General principles |
|---|
| Preparation, maintenance, analysis of observational records in clinical pharmacy |
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 02
Clinical trials |
|---|
| Type and phases of clinical trials, placebo, ethical and regulatory issues including good clinical practice in clinical trials |
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 03
Therapeutic drug monitoring |
|---|
| Adverse drug reaction (ADR), types of ADR, mechanism of ADR |
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 04
Drug interaction |
|---|
| Monitoring and reporting of ADR, and its significance |
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 05
Drug information services |
|---|
| Drug interactions |
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 06
Drug interaction in pediatric and geriatric patients |
|---|
| Drug treatment during pregnancy, lactation and menstruation |
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 07
Pharmacovigilance |
|---|
| Therapeutic drug monitoring, neutraceuticals, essential drugs and rational drug usage |
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 08
Age-related drug therapy |
|---|
| Concept of posology, drug therapy for neonates, pediatrics, and geriatrics |
| Drugs used in pregnancy and lactation |
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 09
Drug therapy |
|---|
| In gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, and respiratory disorders |
| For neurological and psychological disorders |
| In infections of respiratory system, urinary system, infective meningitis, TB, HIV, malaria, and filaria |
| For thyroid and parathyroid disorders, diabetes mellitus, menstrual cycle disorders, menopause and male sexual dysfunction |
| For malignant disorders like leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors |
| For rheumatic, eye, and skin disorders |
Human anatomy and physiology
Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 01
Cell physiology |
|---|
| Cell, cell junctions, transport mechanisms, homeostasis, ion channels, secondary messengers |
Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 02
The blood |
|---|
| Composition and functions of blood, RBC, WBC, platelets |
| Homeostasis, blood groups, mechanism of clotting |
| Introduction to disorders of the blood |
Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 03
Gastrointestinal tract |
|---|
| Structure of the gastrointestinal tract, functions of its different parts including those of liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, various gastrointestinal structures and their role in the digestion, and absorption of food |
Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 04
Respiratory system |
|---|
| Structure of respiratory organs, functions of respiration mechanism and regulation of respiration, respiratory volumes and vital capacity |
Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 05
Autonomic nervous system |
|---|
| Physiology and functions of the autonomic nervous system |
| Mechanism of neurohumoral transmission in ans |
Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 06
Sense organs |
|---|
| Structure and physiology of eye (vision), ear (hearing), taste buds, nose (smell), and skin |
Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 07
Skeletal system |
|---|
| Structure and function of the skeleton |
| Articulation and movement |
| Disorders of bones and joints |
Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 08
Central nervous system |
|---|
| Functions of different parts of the brain and spinal cord |
| Neurohumoral transmission in the central nervous system, reflex action, electroencephalogram, specialized functions of the brain, cranial nerves, and their functions |
Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 09
Urinary system |
|---|
| Various parts structure and functions of the kidney, and urinary tract |
| Physiology of urine formation and acid-base balance |
| Brief introduction to disorders of the kidney |
Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 10
Endocrine glands |
|---|
| Basic anatomy and physiology of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and pancreas |
| Local hormones |
| A brief introduction to disorders of various endocrine glands |
Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 11
Reproductive system |
|---|
| Structure and functions of male, and female reproductive system |
| Sex hormones, physiology of menstrual cycle, and various stages of pregnancy and parturition |
Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 12
Cardiovascular system |
|---|
| Anatomy of heart and blood vessels, physiology of blood circulation, cardiac cycle, conducting system of the heart, heart sound, electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and its regulation |
Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 13
Lymphatic system |
|---|
| Composition, formation, and circulation of lymph |
| Spleen and its functions |
Pharmaceutical engineering
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 01
Fluid flow |
|---|
| Type of flow, Reynolds number, viscosity, the concept of the boundary layer, basic equation of fluid flow, the study of valves, flow meters, manometers, and measurement of flow and pressure including mathematical problems |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 02
Heat transfer |
|---|
| Source of heat, mechanism of heat transfer, the laws of heat transfer, steam and electricity as heating media, determination of requirement of the amount of steam/ electrical energy, steam pressure, boiler capacity, mathematical problems on heat transfer |
| Steam traps and reducing valve, lagging |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 03
Evaporation |
|---|
| The basic concept of phase equilibrium, factors affecting evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators, mathematical problems on evaporation |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 04
Distillation |
|---|
| Raoult's law, phase diagram, volatility: Simple steam and flash distillation, principles of rectification, Mc-Cabe Thiele method for calculations of a number of theoretical plates, azeotropic, and extractive distillation |
| Mathematical problems on distillation |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 05
Drying |
|---|
| Moisture content and mechanism of drying, the rate of drying and time of drying calculations, classifications and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying methods like freeze drying, and lyophilization |
| Mathematical problems in drying |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 06
Size reduction and size separation |
|---|
| Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing in energy and power requirement of a mill, types of mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill, micronizer, Quadro co-mil, multi mill etc |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 07
Extraction |
|---|
| Theory of extraction, extraction methods, equipment for various types of the extraction process |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 08
Mixing |
|---|
| Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid, and liquid-liquid mixing equipment |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 09
Crystallization |
|---|
| Characteristics of crystals like purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms, size, and factors affecting them |
| Solubility curves and calculation curves, and calculations of heat balance around S. Swanson's Walker crystallizer, super saturation theory and its limitations, nucleation mechanism, crystal growth, study of various types of crystallizers, tanks |
| Agitated batch, Swanson's Walker, single vacuums, circulating magma and crystal crystallizers, cracking of crystals and its prevention |
| Numerical problems on yields |
| Introduction to polymorphism |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 10
Filtration and centrifugation |
|---|
| Theory of filtrations, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters, including filter press, rotary filter, edge filters, filter leaf and laboratory filtration equipment etc, factors affecting filtration, mathematical problems on filtrations |
| Optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters |
| Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters, and centrifugal sedimentars |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 11
Dehumidification and humidity control |
|---|
| Basic concept and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, psychometric count and measurement of humidity, application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipment for humidification and dehumidification operations |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 12
Refrigeration and air conditioning |
|---|
| Principles and applications of refrigeration, and air conditioning |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 13
Material of constructions |
|---|
| General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, properties, and applications of the materials of construction with special reference to stainless steel, glass, ferrous metals, cast iron, non ferrous metals, copper and alloys, aluminum and alloys |
| Lead, tin, silver, nickel, and alloys, chromium and non metals, stone, slate, brick, asbestos, plastics, rubber, timber, concrete |
| Corrosion and its prevention with reference to commonly used material in pharmaceutical plants |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 14
Automated process control systems |
|---|
| A process variable, temperature, pressure, flow level and vacuum, and their measurement |
| Elements of automatic process control and introduction to automatic process control |
| Elements of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) |
Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 15
Industrial hazards and safety precautions |
|---|
| Mechanical, chemical, electrical, fire, dust, noise hazards, industrial dermatitis, accident, records, safety requirements/ equipment etc |
Pharmaceutical management
Pharmaceutical management: Unit 01
Introduction to management |
|---|
| Types of management |
| Basic concepts of management, management process, function, and principles |
| Levels of management, pharmaceutical management art, science or profession |
| Social responsibilities of management, functions of management |
Pharmaceutical management: Unit 02
Planning and forecasting |
|---|
| Planning: Nature, process, and types of planning, steps in the planning process, planning premises |
| Advantages and limitations of planning |
| Management by objective, meaning, objective features, advantages and limitations |
| Forecasting: Meaning, nature, importance, limitations |
| Techniques of forecasting |
Pharmaceutical management: Unit 03
Organization |
|---|
| Definition, nature, theories, functions, line, and staff organization concepts |
Pharmaceutical management: Unit 04
Research management |
|---|
| R and d organizations and research categories |
| Elements needed for an r and d organization |
| Technology transfer |
Pharmaceutical management: Unit 05
Inventory management |
|---|
| R and d organizations and research categories |
| Types of inventories |
| Requirements of effective inventory control |
Pharmaceutical management: Unit 06
Communication |
|---|
| Nature, types of communication, process, channels, and barriers of communication |
| Limitations of communications |
| Importance in pharmaceutical industries |
Pharmaceutical management: Unit 07
Marketing research |
|---|
| New product selection, product management, advertising |
Pharmaceutical management: Unit 08
Leadership and motivation |
|---|
| Leadership: Meaning, nature, leadership styles |
| Theories of leadership |
| Motivation: Meaning, nature, importance |
| Theories of motivation |
Pharmaceutical management: Unit 09
Human resource and development (HRD) |
|---|
| Definition, HRD methods, HRD process, HRD in Indian industry |
Pharmaceutical management: Unit 10
GATT |
|---|
| General agreement on tariff and trade and its impact on the pharmaceutical industry |
| History of GATT, its impact on the pharmaceutical industry |
| Pharmaceutical market in |
Pharmaceutical management: Unit 11
World trade organization (WTO) and trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) |
|---|
| Introduction to wto |
| Types of intellectual property rights: Industrial property and copyrights Indian patent acts, 1970 with the latest amendment |
Pharmaceutical management: Unit 12
World trade organization (WTO) and trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) |
|---|
| Definition, types of patents |
Pharmaceutical management: Unit 13
Standard institutions and regulatory authorities |
|---|
| Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) |
| International organization for standardization (ISO) |
| United states of food and drug administration (USFDA) |
| Central drug standard control organization (CDSCO) |
| International conference on harmonization (ICH) |
| World health organization (WHO) |
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 01
Historical background drug legislation in India, code of ethics for pharmacists |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 02
The pharmacy act 1948 (inclusive of recent amendments) |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 03
Drugs and cosmetics act 1940, rules 1945, including new drug applications |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 04
Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act, and rules there under |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 05
Drugs and magic remedies (objectionable advertisements) act, 1954 |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 06
Medicinal and toilet preparations (excise duties) act, 1955, rules 1976 |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 07
Medical termination of pregnancy act, 1970 and rules 1975 |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 08
Prevention of cruelty to animals act, 1960 |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 09
Drug (price control) order |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 10
Shops and establishment act |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 11
Factory act |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 12
Consumer protection act |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 13
Indian pharmaceutical industry |
|---|
| An overview |
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 14
Industrial development and regulation act, 1951 |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 15
Introduction to intellectual property rights and Indian patent act, 1970 |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 16
An Introduction to standard institutions and regulatory authorities such as BIS, ASTM, ISO, TGA, USFDA, MHRA, ICH, WHO |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 17
Minimum wages act, 1948 |
|---|
Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 18
Prevention of food adulteration act, 1954 and rules |
|---|
Dispensing and hospital pharmacy
Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 01
Introduction to laboratory equipment |
|---|
| Weighing methodology, handling of prescriptions, labeling instructions for dispensed products |
Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 02
Posological calculations involved in the calculation of dosage for infants |
|---|
| Enlarging and reducing formula, displacement value |
Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 03
Preparations of formulations involving allegation, alcohol dilution, isotonic solution |
|---|
Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 04
Study of current patent and proprietary products, generic products and selected brand products, indications, contraindications, adverse drug reactions, available dosage forms and packing of |
|---|
| (a) Antihypertensive drug, (b) antiamoebic drugs, (c) antihistaminic drugs, (d) antiemetic drugs, (e) antacids and ulcer healing drugs, (f) antidiarrheals and laxatives, (g) respiratory drugs, (h) antibiotics, (i) analgesics and antipyretic drugs |
Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 05
Compounding and dispensing of following prescriptions |
|---|
| (a) Mixtures, (b) solutions, (c) emulsions, (d) lotions (external preparations), (e) liniments (external preparations), (f) powder, (g) granules, (h) suppositories, (i) ointments/ paste, (j) cream |
| (k) Incompatibility: Prescription based on physical, chemical, and therapeutic incompatibility. Tablets, (l) inhalations |
Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 06
Reading and counseling of prescriptions from the clinical practice |
|---|
| Designing from mock pharmacy: Layout and structure of retail pharmacy, compounding, dispensing, storing, labeling, pricing, recording, and counseling of prescription |
| Procurement of information for the given drug for drug information services |
| Preparation of hospital formulary |
The National Testing Agency has released the exam pattern for GPAT along with the information bulletin. Candidates appearing for the exam are advised to know the GPAT exam pattern 2023 to get an understanding of the medium, type of questions to expect, duration of exam etc.
GPAT 2023 Exam Pattern can be checked as follows
- Mode of examination- Computer-based online test
- Language- English
- Duration of examination- 3 hours
- Type of questions- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
- Total number of questions- 125
- Marking Scheme- +4 for every correct answer, while -1 for every incorrect response
- Maximum Marks- 500
- Exam Time- 2:30 PM to 5:30 PM
The GPAT 2023 admit card has been released in online on the official website. The admit card for GPAT 2023 mentions details related to the exam, test centre, hall ticket number, the name of the candidate, etc. To download GPAT admit card candidates need to log in using their application number, date of birth, and security pin. However, before downloading the GPAT admit card 2023, candidates must check all the details printed on it. Also, candidates must remember that GPAT 2023 admit card is an important document. If a candidate fails to carry it to the examination hall, they are not allowed to appear for the GPAT.
Steps to download GPAT admit card:
- Visit the website of NTA GPAT 2023 at gpat.nta.nic.in
- Click on the link to 'download GPAT 2023 admit card'
- Candidates can download it by using the application number and password or date of birth
- Enter the login credentials and click on submit
- The GPAT admit card appears on screen for download.
Unable to download the GPAT Admit Card?
Candidates who will be unable to download their admit cards must send an email to the official email ID provided by NTA for the cause citing their name, application number, and other details.
Documents to be carried along with GPAT admit card 2023
- One passport size photograph - This should be the same as uploaded for the online application form and is used for pasting on the specific space in the attendance sheet at the GPAT 2023 exam centre during the exam.
- Anyone of the photo IDs - Candidates must carry the original, valid, and non-expired photo IDs: PAN card/ Driving License/ Voter ID/ Passport/ Aadhaar Card (With photograph)/ Ration Card
- PwD certificate issued by the Competent Authority if applicable
Things to carry at GPAT exam centre:
Amid COVID-19, NTA asks aspirants to carry the following things to the exam centre for safely.
- Personal transparent water bottle
- Hand sanitizer (50 ml)
- Ballpoint pen
- Hand gloves and mask
GPAT exam day guidelines 2023:
Here are some of the GPAT guidelines, that aspirants must follow at the centre:
- Candidates must report to the GPAT test centre one and a half hours before the exam starts
- They should follow the social distancing norms and maintain six feet distance
- Face masks must be worn by students and their parents or guardians. New masks will be provided at the exam centre
- Following the GPAT dress code, aspirants must avoid wearing shoes and footwear with thick sole
- No electronic gadgets like mobiles, earphones, pager, calculator, pen drives, and others will be allowed to take inside the GPAT exam hall.
GPAT 2023 Exam Centers
| State | City |
|---|---|
| Gujarat | Ahmedabad |
| Bhavnagar | |
| Rajkot | |
| Surat | |
| Vadodara | |
| Anand | |
| Gandhinagar | |
| Mehsana | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Allahabad |
| Lucknow | |
| Meerut | |
| Bareilly | |
| Noida | |
| Kanpur | |
| Varanasi | |
| Ghaziabad | |
| Gorakhpur | |
| Agra | |
| Maharashtra | Amravati |
| Mumbai | |
| Aurangabad | |
| Nagpur | |
| Nanded | |
| Nashik | |
| Pune | |
| Kolhapur | |
| Ahmednagar | |
| Dhule | |
| Navi Mumbai | |
| Solapur | |
| Thane | |
| Tamil Nadu | Madurai |
| Chennai | |
| Coimbatore | |
| Tirunelveli | |
| Tiruchirappalli | |
| Karnataka | Mangalore |
| Mysore | |
| Bangalore | |
| Gulbarga | |
| Belgaum | |
| Dharwad | |
| Udupi | |
| Delhi | New Delhi |
| Madhya Pradesh | Bhopal |
| Gwalior | |
| Indore | |
| Jabalpur | |
| Sagar | |
| Odisha | Bhubaneswar |
| Sambalpur | |
| Berhampur | |
| Ganjam | |
| Andhra Pradesh | Nellore |
| Tirupati | |
| Vijayawada | |
| Visakhapatnam | |
| Kurnool | |
| Guntur | |
| Rajahmundry | |
| Chandigarh | Chandigarh |
| Goa | Panaji |
| Uttarakhand | Dehradun |
| Roorkee | |
| Bihar | Patna |
| Muzaffarpur | |
| Chhattisgarh | Raipur |
| Bhilai | |
| Haryana | Gurgaon |
| Faridabad | |
| Hisar | |
| Ambala | |
| Assam | Guwahati |
| Dibrugarh | |
| Jharkhand | Ranchi |
| Dhanbad | |
| Jamshedpur | |
| Telangana | Hyderabad |
| Warangal | |
| Karimnagar | |
| Secunderabad | |
| Himachal Pradesh | Shimla |
| Hamirpur | |
| Bilaspur | |
| Solan | |
| Jammu and Kashmir | Srinagar |
| Jammu | |
| Leh | |
| Rajasthan | Jaipur |
| Udaipur | |
| Jodhpur | |
| Kota | |
| Sikar | |
| Kerala | Thiruvananthapuram |
| Kozhikode | |
| Ernakulam | |
| Kottayam | |
| Thrissur | |
| West Bengal | Kolkata |
| Siliguri | |
| Punjab | Amritsar |
| Bathinda | |
| Ludhiana | |
| Mohali | |
| Tripura | Agartala |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Port Blair |
| Arunachal Pradesh | Itanagar |
| Naharlagun | |
| Lakshadweep | Kavaratti |
| Manipur | Imphal |
| Meghalaya | Shillong |
| Mizoram | Aizawl |
| Nagaland | Kohima |
| Dimapur | |
| Puducherry | Puducherry |
Documents Required at Exam
- GPAT admit card
- Valid photo ID proof
- Photograph similar to the one uploaded with the application form
- PwD certificate if applicable
The GPAT 2023 answer key contains the answers to the questions asked in the exam. Using the GPAT answer key, candidates can calculate the marks to be obtained in the exam. Candidates can challenge GPAT official answer key 2023 by paying Rs 200 per question in online mode. The amount paid for the challenge was refunded if the challenges will be correct. After the challenge process is over, the NTA will release the final answer key of GPAT 2023 in PDF format at nta.ac.in.
How to calculate your probable GPAT score 2023?
Use the official marking scheme of GPAT 2023 to calculate your score. According to the GPAT marking scheme, candidates will be rewarded 4 marks for every correct answer while every incorrect response deducts one mark.
GPAT score = (4 x Number of correct responses) + (1 x Number of incorrect responses)
How to challenge the GPAT answer key?
- Candidates must log in using their application number and password/ date of birth and pay a sum of Rs 1000 per question through credit/debit card/Net banking,
- The NTA’s committee will look into the objections and release the final answer key after consideration of the same. The decision on the challenges is final and no further communication is entertained by the authorities.
329 Colleges Accepting Admission through GPAT
The National Testing Agency will announce the GPAT result in online mode in the form of a scorecard. The GPAT result 2023 carries details such as the candidate’s rank, qualifying status and score. To check the GPAT 2023 result, candidates have to enter their email-id and password. The authorities will also release the GPAT merit list after the declaration of the result. In order to check the GPAT scorecard 2023, aspirants need to enter their registered e-mail ID and password.
Steps to check GPAT 2023 result:
- Visit the official website gpat.nta.nic.in
- Click on the link 'View GPAT result 2023'
- Enter the login credentials, i.e. candidate application number and password or date of birth
- Click on 'Sign in' and then 'View result'
The GPAT result 2023 page will show the maximum marks, candidate's NTA score and All India Rank (AIR). GPAT 2023 result is valid for a period of three years from its declaration. The GPAT scorecard is used for admissions at more than 800 institutes offering M.Pharm courses across the country.
GPAT cutoff is taken as the screening process for admission to various Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharmacy) programmes. NTA, i.e. the conducting body determines the cutoff of GPAT 2023 which is the minimum qualifying score required for admissions. Various factors like availability of seats, the difficulty level of the exam, the number of candidates applied for etc are considered while determining the GPAT cutoff.
GPAT 2022 cutoff
| Category | Cutoff scores | Total candidates |
| General | 148 | 14265 |
| OBC-NCL | 120 | 23104 |
| SC | 94 | 5420 |
| ST | 75 | 1478 |
| EWS | 122 | 6008 |
GPAT cutoff 2021, 2020, and 2019
| Category | 2021 cutoff | Total candidates | 2020 | Total candidates | 2019 | Total number of candidates |
| General | 359-186 | 1782 | 163 | 1974 | 141 | 1952 |
| OBC-NCL | 185-152 | 1179 | 131 | 1350 | 117 | 1103 |
| SC | 185-114 | 688 | 103 | 727 | 95 | 626 |
| ST | 183-87 | 340 | 76 | 373 | 74 | 313 |
| EWS | 185-155 | 458 | 104 | 489 | -- | -- |
GPAT Cutoff Trends
Category | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
General and OBC | 115 | 113 | 115 | 125 | 125 | 145 |
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe | 90 | 82 | 90 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Physically Handicapped | 90 | 82 | 90 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Mode of Counselling: Online, Offline
NTA does not conduct the counselling for GPAT. Individual participating institutes conduct the counselling based on the GPAT score. Qualified candidates have to register with the institutes for the GPAT 2023 counselling procedure separately. The counselling schedule is then released by the GPAT participating institutes separately. More than 800 institutes offer admissions to the masters in Pharmacy programmes in the country on the basis of GPAT 2023 scores.
Documents required for GPAT Counselling 2023:
GPAT Counselling letter (original)
GPAT admit card (original)
GPAT rank card
10th class marksheet (original)
12th class marksheet (original)
Graduation certificate (original/ provisional)
Character certificate (original)
Category certificate (if applicable)
Latest passport size photographs
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Question:What is GPAT 2023 exam date?
Answer:
The GPAT 2023 exam date was May 22.
Question:What is the important details requires for GPAT 2023 registration?
Answer:
GPAT 2023 registration requires the aspirants to provide basic details like name, father's name, etc. A unique application number is generated during the time of GPAT registration which has to be noted.
Question:What is the duration of GPAT 2023?
Answer:
The GPAT exam is of 3 hours time duration.
Question:Can I apply for change of exam centre after release of GPAT admit card?
Answer:
No, candidates are not allowed to make any changes once the application form is saved.
Question:Can I take the GPAT test from any computer?
Answer:
No. A candidate has to take the test on a pre-assigned computer at the test venue as contained in the GPAT admit card.
Question:Which Institutes accept GPAT score?
Answer:
There are more than 800 participating institutes that accept GPAT score.
Question:What is GPAT exam 2023 conducted for?
Answer:
The Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) is conducted for M. Pharm admissions across various participating institutes of India.
Questions related to GPAT
Showing 418 out of 418 Questions
193 Views
gpat cutt of marks for andhra University
17th Sep, 2022
Hello Ganesh,
Hope you are doing good
So as per your query, generally the Andhra University of Vishakapatnam will accept the scores of APEAMCET only and the score of GPAT is not accepted by the university.
Even for the pharmacy courses, eamcet score is considered by the university.
Hope this helps you!!
Hope you are doing good
So as per your query, generally the Andhra University of Vishakapatnam will accept the scores of APEAMCET only and the score of GPAT is not accepted by the university.
Even for the pharmacy courses, eamcet score is considered by the university.
Hope this helps you!!
Answer later 58 Views
i got 5190 rank in gpat 2022 can i get seat in m.pharm course in this college
5th Sep, 2022
First of all congratulations for qualifying GPAT.
Yes you can surely get a seat in Mpharm college,we need a bit more specific detail about the state/city you reside in to answer you clearly and suggest you some Mpharm colleges near you.
Also, as you're gpat qualified you can prepare for NIPER for admission into one of the top colleges in India.
Thank you, hope that helped you.
43 Views
i got 5190 rank in gpat 2022 can i get seat in m.pharm course and i am belonging to sc category
2nd Aug, 2022
Dear aspirant,
Congratulations on your GPAT qualification. Being SC candidate you can get seat in government colleges that accept GPAT score.
Many colleges have closed their applications. Try for DIPSAR and Jadavpur University.
Here is a list of the colleges that accept GPAT score:
https://pharmacy.careers360.com/colleges/list-of-pharmacy-colleges-in-india-accepting-gpat
I hope this helps!
26 Views
i didnt registerd the bits admission form but i want to admission in bits throug gpat rant my rank is 629 can i apply bits admission 2nd phase directly
4th Aug, 2022
Hi,
GPAT is a Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test is a national level test for admission in Post Graduation program in pharmacy.
For the eligibility criteria, one should have completed undergraduate course in pharmacy which is of four years of duration.
The cut-off for GPAT in general category used to be about 185 to 190 (from past trends).
Yes, Birla institute of technology offers admission through GPAT, so if you qualify the current cutoff and all minimum criteria of admission, you can apply and have a great chance of admission.
Yes, you can freshly apply directly in second round.
All the best.
85 Views
Only Gpat qualified students can take admission in Bahra university,shimla?
1st Feb, 2022
Dear applicant, if you want to pursue M.Pharma with specializations in Pharmaceutics then you need to crack GPAT to get admission in Bahra University. Along with a good rank you need to have minimum 55% marks in your B.Pharm degree. If the seats remain vacant there is a slight chance that Non GPAT Candidate can take admission.
https://www.careers360.com/university/bahra-university-shimla/mpharma-pharmaceutics-course
Good luck!!!
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