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GPAT 2024 Exam - Result (Out), Cutoff (Released), Counselling, Seat Allotment

Updated on 06th November, 2024 by Deep Pathak

About GPAT 2024

The National Board of Examinations (NBE) conducts the Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) entrance exam for admission to Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) courses. GPAT 2024 is conducted for admission to around 39,890 M.Pharm seats in more than 800 institutes across India. 

As per the latest update, the NBEMS has announced the GPAT 2024 cutoff at natboard.edu.in. Qualified candidates can download the GPAT 2024 scorecards on or after August 2, 2024. Earlier the GPAT result 2024 was announced in the form of a scorecard mentioning the candidate's details, scores obtained (out of 500), percentile, cutoff, and other details. Candidates who have qualified the examination by securing minimum GPAT cut-off marks as specified by NBE will be called for counselling. 

After the conclusion of the examination, authority released the statistics mentioning the number of students appeared in GPAT 2024 and other details. The NBE released the GPAT 2024 provisional answer key along with the question papers a few days after the exam. Candidates were able to challenge the GPAT answer key released by the NBE by paying a sum of Rs 200 per challenged question. 

Based on the challenges submitted by the candidates, the NBE will release the GPAT 2024 final answer key. Aspirants who will qualify for the pharmacy exam will be called for GPAT 2024 counselling. The counselling for GPAT 2024 will be conducted by respective colleges. The qualified candidates will be required to register themselves in each college to participate in GPAT counselling 2024. The cut-offs to participate in GPAT 2024 counselling will be announced by colleges separately.

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GPAT 2024 Highlights

Full Exam Name
Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test
Short Exam Name
GPAT
Conducting Body
National Board of Examinations (NBE)
Frequency Of Conduct
Once a year
Exam Level
National Level Exam
Languages
English
Mode Of Application
online
Application Fee
Online : 2000
Mode Of Exam
online
Mode Of Counselling
online +1 more
Participating Colleges
361
Exam Duration
3 Hours

GPAT Important Dates

GPAT Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (session 2024)

19 Apr' 2024 - 08 May' 2024 . Online
Application Date
Online submission of applications
11 May' 2024 - 14 May' 2024 . Online
Application Correction Date
Edit window for all payment success applications
21 May' 2024 - 23 May' 2024 . Online
Application Correction Date
Pre-final edit window

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GPAT cutoff is taken as the screening process for admission to various Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharmacy) programmes. NBE, i.e. the conducting body determines the cutoff of GPAT 2024 which is the minimum qualifying score required for admissions. Various factors like the availability of seats, the difficulty level of the exam, the number of candidates applied for etc. are considered while determining the GPAT cutoff.  

GPAT 2024 cutoff

Category

Cut-off Percentile

UR96.15414
UR-PwBD55.1562
EWS90.7069
EWS-PwBD46.32063
OBC90.09176
OBC-PwBD49.70896
SC75.4353
SC-PwBD45.53011
ST54.17503
ST-PwBD52.27117


GPAT 2022 cutoff

CategoryCutoff scores

Total candidates

General14814265
OBC-NCL12023104
SC945420
ST751478
EWS1226008


GPAT cutoff 2021, 2020, and 2019

Category
2021 cutoffTotal candidates2020
Total candidates2019
Total number of candidates
General
359-186178216319741411952
OBC-NCL185-152117913113501171103
SC185-11468810372795626
ST183-873407637374313
EWS185-155458104489----

GPAT Cutoff Trends

Category

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

General and OBC

115

113

115

125

125

145

Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe

90

82

90

100

100

100

Physically Handicapped

90

82

90

100

100

100


The eligibility criteria for GPAT 2024 mention the minimum requisites that a candidate has to fulfil in order to appear for GPAT. Candidates must meet the following eligibility criteria prescribed by the authorities:

  1. Nationality: Must be a citizen of India
  2. Qualifying Examination: Must hold a Bachelor’s degree in Pharmacy (4 years after class 12).
    Lateral entry candidates can also apply. Apart from this, candidates who are in the final year of the B. Pharmacy course are also eligible.
  3. Who is not eligible: B.Tech (Pharmaceutical and fine chemical technology)/ Equivalent Students are not eligible. 
  4. Age Limit: There is no age limit for appearing in GPAT

To fill the GPAT application form candidates had to first register and then enter their details related to academic, personal, communication address, qualifying examination, etc. Thereafter, scanned images of the photograph and signatures are uploaded. 

Steps to fill GPAT Application Form

Step 1: Registration

Candidates must enter their personal and contact details, choose a password, and then submit them. A system-generated Application Number displays which must be noted down. This is used to complete the remaining details and steps in the GPAT application form 2024. It is also required for all future correspondence and subsequent logins

Step 2: Complete the GPAT Application Form 

Candidates must login with their GPAT 2024 Application Number and Password to fill the remaining details in the application form.


Step 3: Upload Scanned Images of Candidate 

The images as specified below must be uploaded. Both the photograph and signature should be in JPG/JPEG format. The size of the scanned photograph should be between 10 kb to 200 kb while that of the signature should be between 4 kb to 30 kb. The photograph should be coloured or black/white (but in clear contrast).

Imp: Facility for correction in images is not provided. So it is advisable to upload the images correctly

Step 4: Pay Examination Fee 

Candidates have to deposit application fees either online or offline mode. 

  • For online mode: Candidates can use credit/debit card/net banking/Paytm/UPI
  • For Online mode: Payment through cash at any designated SBI bank branches

Payment Details:

  • General, OBC and EWS - Rs. 3500
  • SC, ST, PWD: Rs. 2500

Step 5: Print the Confirmation Page

After successful payment, candidates are able to print the confirmation page. This is to be kept safe for future reference. 

In case the Confirmation Page is not generated after payment of the fee, candidates may note that the transaction may have been canceled and the amount is refunded to the candidate's account. In such a case, they may have to make another payment to successfully submit the GPAT application form.

GPAT Study Material

Download the ebook to learn the GPAT study material.

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Documents Required at Exam GPAT 2024

Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test 2024

  • GPAT admit card
  • Valid photo ID proof
  • Photograph similar to the one uploaded with the application form
  • PwD certificate if applicable

GPAT 2024 Exam Centers

StateCity
Gujarat
Ahmedabad
Bhavnagar
Rajkot
Surat
Vadodara
Anand
Gandhinagar
Mehsana
Uttar Pradesh
Allahabad
Lucknow
Meerut
Bareilly
Noida
Kanpur
Varanasi
Ghaziabad
Gorakhpur
Agra
Maharashtra
Amravati
Mumbai
Aurangabad
Nagpur
Nanded
Nashik
Pune
Kolhapur
Ahmednagar
Dhule
Navi Mumbai
Solapur
Thane
Tamil Nadu
Madurai
Chennai
Coimbatore
Tirunelveli
Tiruchirappalli
Karnataka
Mangalore
Mysore
Bangalore
Gulbarga
Belgaum
Dharwad
Udupi
Delhi
New Delhi
Madhya Pradesh
Bhopal
Gwalior
Indore
Jabalpur
Sagar
Odisha
Bhubaneswar
Sambalpur
Berhampur
Ganjam
Andhra Pradesh
Nellore
Tirupati
Vijayawada
Visakhapatnam
Kurnool
Guntur
Rajahmundry
Chandigarh
Chandigarh
Goa
Panaji
Uttarakhand
Dehradun
Roorkee
Bihar
Patna
Muzaffarpur
Chhattisgarh
Raipur
Bhilai
Haryana
Gurgaon
Faridabad
Hisar
Ambala
Assam
Guwahati
Dibrugarh
Jharkhand
Ranchi
Dhanbad
Jamshedpur
Telangana
Hyderabad
Warangal
Karimnagar
Secunderabad
Himachal Pradesh
Shimla
Hamirpur
Bilaspur
Solan
Jammu and Kashmir
Srinagar
Jammu
Leh
Rajasthan
Jaipur
Udaipur
Jodhpur
Kota
Sikar
Kerala
Thiruvananthapuram
Kozhikode
Ernakulam
Kottayam
Thrissur
West Bengal
Kolkata
Siliguri
Punjab
Amritsar
Bathinda
Ludhiana
Mohali
Tripura
Agartala
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Port Blair
Arunachal Pradesh
Itanagar
Naharlagun
Lakshadweep
Kavaratti
Manipur
Imphal
Meghalaya
Shillong
Mizoram
Aizawl
Nagaland
Kohima
Dimapur
Puducherry
Puducherry

The National Board of Examinations (NBE) has released the exam pattern for GPAT along with the information bulletin. Candidates appearing for the exam are advised to know the GPAT exam pattern 2024 to get an understanding of the medium, type of questions to expect, duration of exam etc.

GPAT 2024 exam pattern can be checked as follows

  • Mode of examination- Computer-based online test
  • Language- English
  • Duration of examination- 3 hours
  • Type of questions- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
  • Total number of questions- 125
  • Marking Scheme- +4 for every correct answer, while -1 for every incorrect response
  • Maximum Marks- 500
  • Exam Time- 2 PM to 5 PM

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GPAT 2024 Syllabus

GPAT 2024 Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test 2024

Physical chemistry: Unit 01


Composition and physical states of matter
  • Intermolecular forces and their impact on the state of the matter
  • Various physical properties of matter, dipole moment, dielectric constant, Van Der Waal's equation and critical phenomenon, liquefaction of gases, aerosols

Physical chemistry: Unit 02


Colligative properties
  • The liquid state, vapour pressure, ideal, and real solutions
  • Raoult's law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular weight based on colligative properties

Physical chemistry: Unit 03


Thermodynamics
  • First, second, and third law of thermodynamics
  • Thermochemical laws, isothermic, and adiabatic processes, reversible processes, work of expansion, heat content, enthalpy, heat capacity
  • Gibb's and Helmholtz equation, and chemical potential

Physical chemistry: Unit 04


Refractive index
  • Refractive index, specific refractivity, molar refractivity, refractometers

Physical chemistry: Unit 05


Solutions
  • Solubility, factors affecting solubility, solubility curves
  • Types of solutions, effect of co-solvency, pH and other factors on solubility
  • Solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, and solids in liquids, critical solution temperature, law of partitioning and its applications
  • Solute-solvent interactions
  • Expression of the concentration of pharmaceutical solutions and calculations
  • Molarity, molality, mole fraction, and percentage expressions

Physical chemistry: Unit 06


Electrochemistry
  • Properties of electrolyte solutions, electrolysis
  • Faraday's law of electrolysis, electron transport, electrical cell, single electrode potential, concentration cells, half-cells and half-cell potential, types of half cells, sign convention, Nernst equation, salt bridge, electromotive series
  • Standard potential, SHE
  • Measuring the relative voltage of half cells, calculation of standard potential
  • Reference and indicator electrodes
  • Standard oxidation-reduction potential

Physical chemistry: Unit 07


Ionic equilibrium
  • Theory of conductivity, equivalent conductance, mobility of ions, specific conductance

Physical chemistry: Unit 08


Kinetics
  • Order of reactions, derivation, and internal form of rate laws, molarities of reaction, derivation of rate constants

Physical pharmacy: Unit 01


Matter, properties of matter
  • States of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heat and vapour pressure, sublimation-critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glasses state
  • Solid crystalline and amorphous polymorphism

Physical pharmacy: Unit 02


Micromeritics and powder rheology
  • Particle size and distribution, average particle size number and weight distribution, particle number, methods of determining particle size and volume, optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, determining surface areas, permeability, adsorption
  • Derived properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement densities, bulkiness and flow properties

Physical pharmacy: Unit 03


Surface and interfacial phenomenon
  • Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tension, spreading coefficient, adsorption and liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency
  • Absorption at solid interfaces, solid gas and solid-liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interfaces

Physical pharmacy: Unit 04


Viscosity and rheology
  • Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematics viscosity, effect of temperature, non-Newtonian systems, pseudo plastics, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy in formulations, determination of viscosity and thixotropy by capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometer
  • Application of theology in pharmacy

Physical pharmacy: Unit 05


Dispersion systems
  • Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids, application of colloids in pharmacy
  • Suspensions and emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended particles settling in suspension, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian movement, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles
  • Suspensions and emulsions: Significance of electrical properties in dispersions, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological considerations, emulsions: Types, theories, physical stability

Physical pharmacy: Unit 06


Complexation
  • Classification of complexes, methods of preparations, and analysis, applications

Physical pharmacy: Unit 07


Buffer
  • Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general
  • Buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparations, and stability, buffered isotonic solutions
  • Measurements of tonicity calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity

Physical pharmacy: Unit 08


Solubility
  • Miscibility: Influence of foreign substances, three component systems; dielectric constant and solubility, solubility of solids in liquids, ideal and non-ideal solutions, solvation and association in solutions, solubility of salts in water
  • Miscibility: Solubility of slightly soluble and weak electrolyte, calculating solubility of weak electrolytes as influenced by pH, influence of solvents on the solubility of drugs, combined effect of pH and solvents
  • Miscibility: Distribution of solutes between immiscible solvents, effect of ionic dissociation and molecular association on partition, extraction, preservatives action of weak acids in emulsions, drug action and distribution coefficient
  • Concepts of dissolution and diffusion

Organic chemistry: Unit 01


General principles
  • A brief review of classification and sources of organic compounds, sp³, sp², sp hybridization, sigma and pi-bonds, bond lengths, bond angles, and bond energies along with their significance in reactions should be carried out
  • An overview of bond polarization, hydrogen bonds, inductive effects, resonance, and hyper conjugation be taken
  • Concept of homolytic and heterolytic bond fission, acidity, and basicity with different theories should be covered briefly
  • Ease of formation and order of stabilities of electron deficient, and electron rich species along with the reasons for the same should be covered
  • Relationships between energy content, stability, reactivity, and their importance in chemical reactions should be covered
  • Calculations for determining empirical and molecular formula should be covered

Organic chemistry: Unit 02


Different classes of compounds
  • Alkanes (including cyclic compounds): IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
  • Alkanes (including cyclic compounds): Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
  • Alkenes (including cyclic compounds): IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
  • Alkenes (including cyclic compounds): Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
  • Alkynes (only open-chain compounds): IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
  • Alkynes (only open-chain compounds): Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
  • Aliphatic hydroxyl compounds: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
  • Aliphatic hydroxyl compounds: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
  • Alkyl halides: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
  • Alkyl halides: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
  • Aldehydes and ketones: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
  • Aldehydes and ketones: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
  • Carboxylic acids: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
  • Carboxylic acids: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
  • All functional derivatives of carboxylic acids: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
  • All functional derivatives of carboxylic acids: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)

Organic chemistry: Unit 03


Protection and deprotection of groups
  • Introduction to protection and deprotection of functional groups
  • Two examples each for amino, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups
  • The significance of these in syntheses should be explained

Organic chemistry: Unit 04


Aromaticity and chemistry of aromatic compounds
  • Concept of aromaticity, Huckel's rule and its use in determining the aromatic/ non-aromatic character of a compound
  • A brief coverage of structure of benzene
  • Detailed coverage of electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions
  • Reactivity and orientation in these reactions
  • Reactivity and orientation in mono-and disubstituted benzenes
  • Benzyne mechanism

Organic chemistry: Unit 05


Different aromatic classes of compounds
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
  • Aromatic hydrocarbons: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
  • Phenolic compounds: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
  • Phenolic compounds: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
  • Aromatic and aliphatic amines: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
  • Aromatic and aliphatic amines: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
  • Diazonium salts: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
  • Diazonium salts: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
  • Aromatic nitro-compounds, aryl halides, and ethers: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
  • Aromatic nitro-compounds, aryl halides, and ethers: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)

Organic chemistry: Unit 06


Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
  • Syntheses and reactions with mechanisms of bi and tricyclic fused carbocyclic rings like naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene

Organic chemistry: Unit 07


Carbonyl chemistry
  • Carbonyl chemistry involving group conversions and their reaction mechanisms along with stereochemistry wherever applicable
  • Wolff-Kishner reduction and Huang-Minlon modification
  • Reduction of aryl sulfonyl hydrazine/ hydrazones to alkanes
  • Bamford steven reaction
  • Dcc oxidation of alcohol
  • Michael addition/ 1,4-addition/ conjugate addition
  • Mannich condensation/ reaction
  • Robinson annulation
  • Stobbe condensation
  • Darzens glycidic ester synthesis
  • Beckmann rearrangement
  • Baeyer villiger rearrangement
  • Curtius, wolff, and lossen rearrangements
  • Willgerodt rearrangement
  • Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement
  • Methylene transfer reactions
  • Use of diazomethane and sulphur ylides in the same
  • Mono-and dialkylations in 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds
  • Formation and use of enol ethers, enol acetates, and enamines as protective groups and in regiospecific alkylations

Organic chemistry: Unit 08


Heterocyclic chemistry
  • IUPAC nomenclature of heterocyclic rings (3-10 membered) containing O, S, and N atoms
  • Nomenclature of above rings containing mono-, di-, and multiple (same or different) heteroatoms should also be covered
  • Nomenclature of 2 and 3 fused rings containing mono-, di-, and multiple heteroatoms (same or different) should also be covered
  • Syntheses and reactions of three to six-membered rings in detail
  • Syntheses of five and six-membered rings containing mono-or any di-heteroatoms (O, S, and N)
  • Syntheses of quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, and benzimidazole, benzotriazole, and benzothiazole

Organic chemistry: Unit 09


Bridged rings
  • Bridged ring systems and their nomenclature
  • C₈, C₉, C₁₁ bridged bicyclic alkanes
  • Chemistry of hexamine, morphan, biperiden, amantadine, diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane

Organic chemistry: Unit 10


Kinetic and thermodynamic control
  • Kinetic and thermodynamic control of sulfonation, enolate anion formation and alkylation of enamine reactions

Organic chemistry: Unit 11


Stereochemistry
  • Chirality and asymmetry (introduction of the same to S, P, and N)
  • Definition and classification (different types of isomerism's)
  • Enantiomers, diastereomers
  • Enantiomerism and diastereomerism
  • Meso compounds and their optical activity
  • Stereochemistry in acyclic compounds
  • Newman projection formulae and their significance
  • Conformational analysis of n-butane
  • Absolute and relative configuration
  • Assigning r and s configuration based on cahn ingold and prelog system
  • Racemic mixture-its definition and resolution
  • Definitions of terms stereoselective, stereospecific, enantiomeric excess and diastereomeric excess
  • Stereochemistry in cyclic systems
  • Conformations of cyclohexane
  • Cis-trans relationship in cyclohexane
  • Prediction of stability of different conformations of 1, 2- 1,3-, and 1,4-disubstituted cyclohexanes
  • Effect of multiple substitutions on the stability of cyclohexane conformations
  • Chair conformations of cis-, and trans-decalins, perhydrophenanthrenes, and a tetracyclic steroidal nucleus
  • An introduction to atropisomerism

Organic chemistry: Unit 12


Carbohydrates
  • Definition and classification
  • D and L nomenclature in sugars
  • Different ways of drawing/ representing a sugar molecule (including cyclic structure), interconversion of these representations
  • Anomers and epimers
  • Mutarotation
  • Reactions of glucose
  • Chain extension and chain reduction of a sugar

Organic chemistry: Unit 13


Amino acids and proteins
  • Definition and classification
  • D and l amino acids, natural, essential, and non-essential amino acids
  • Denaturation, Strecker, Gabriel phthalimide methods for the preparation of amino acids
  • Peptide bond and its formation
  • Two protective groups each, for -nh2 and -cooh functionalities during protein synthesis
  • Sequencing of a protein by chemical and enzymatic methods

Organic chemistry: Unit 14


Pericyclic reactions
  • Concept of homo and lumo
  • Drawing of HOMO and LUMO of 1, 3-butadiene, allylic cation, radical and anion, and 1, 3, 5-hexatriene, Diel's-Alder and retro Diel's Alder reaction

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry: Unit 01


Pharmaceutical impurities
  • Impurities in pharmaceutical substances, sources, types, and effects of impurities
  • Limit tests for heavy metals like lead, iron, arsenic, mercury, and for chloride, and sulphate as per Indian pharmacopoeia (IP)

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry: Unit 02


Monographs
  • Monograph and its importance, various tests included in monographs as per IP a study of the following compounds with respect to their methods of preparation, assay, and pharmaceutical uses of sodium citrate, calcium carbonate
  • Copper sulphate, light and heavy kaolin, ammonium chloride, and ferrous gluconate

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry: Unit 03


Isotopes
  • Stable and radioactive, mode and rate of decay
  • Types and measurement of radioactivity
  • Radio pharmaceuticals and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications in pharmacy and medicine such as ¹²⁵I, ³²P, ⁵¹Cr, ⁶⁰Co, ⁵⁹Fe, ⁹⁹Tc-M
  • Radio contrast media, use of BaSO₄ in medicine

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry: Unit 04


Dentifrices, desensitizing agents, and anticaries agents

    Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 01


    Therapeutic classes of drugs
    • General anesthetics
    • Local anesthetics
    • Diagnostic agents
    • Coagulants, anticoagulants, and plasma expanders
    • Antiseptics, disinfectants, sterilants, and astringents
    • Purgatives, laxatives, and antidiarrhoeal agents

    Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 02


    Various classes of therapeutic agents
    • Antimalarials: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism)
    • Antimalarials: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Antiamoebic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism)
    • Antiamoebic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Anthelmintic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Anthelmintic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Antibacterial sulpha drugs (only): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Antibacterial sulpha drugs (only): Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Quinolone antibacterials: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Quinolone antibacterials: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Antimycobacterial drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Antimycobacterial drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Antifungal agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Antifungal agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Antiviral agents including HIV and anti-HIV drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules
    • Antiviral agents including HIV and anti-HIV drugs: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Thyroid and antithyroid drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Thyroid and antithyroid drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Antiallergic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Antiallergic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Antiulcer agents and proton pump inhibitor: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Antiulcer agents and proton pump inhibitor: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Hypoglycemic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Hypoglycemic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable

    Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 03


    Different classes of therapeutic drugs
    • Sedative-hypnotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Sedative-hypnotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Antiepileptic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Antiepileptic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Neuroleptics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Neuroleptics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Anti-anxiety drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Anti-anxiety drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Penicillins, cephalosporins and other beta-lactam antibiotics like imipenem and aztreonam: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
    • Penicillins, cephalosporins and other beta-lactam antibiotics like imipenem and aztreonam: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
    • Beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Chloramphenicol: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Chloramphenicol: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Tetracyclines: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Tetracyclines: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Macrolide antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Macrolide antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Lincomycins: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Lincomycins: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Polypeptide antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Polypeptide antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Anticancer antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Anticancer antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Steroids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Corticosteroids (gluco- and mineralocorticoids) and anti-inflammatory steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
    • Corticosteroids (gluco- and mineralocorticoids) and anti-inflammatory steroids: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Sex steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Sex steroids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Male and female contraceptive agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Male and female contraceptive agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Anabolic steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Anabolic steroids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Anticancer agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Anticancer agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Narcotic (centrally acting) analgesics (analgetics): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
    • Narcotic (centrally acting) analgesics (analgetics): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Morphine and all its structural modifications (peripheral and nuclear): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
    • Morphine and all its structural modifications (peripheral and nuclear): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Narcotic agonists and antagonists (dual and pure): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
    • Narcotic agonists and antagonists (dual and pure): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Non-narcotic analgesics (NSAIDS): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules
    • Non-narcotic analgesics (NSAIDS): Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Difference between narcotic and non-narcotic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
    • Difference between narcotic and non-narcotic agents: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Adrenergic drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Adrenergic drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Neurotransmitters and their role: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Neurotransmitters and their role: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • General and specific adrenergic agonists and antagonists (up to alpha-2 and beta-2 only): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
    • General and specific adrenergic agonists and antagonists (up to alpha-2 and beta-2 only): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Cholinergic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Cholinergic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic agonists and antagonists (up to M2 and N2): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
    • Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic agonists and antagonists (up to M2 and N2): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Neuronal (transmission) blockers: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Neuronal (transmission) blockers: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules
    • Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules
    • Drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Central and peripheral muscle relaxants: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules
    • Central and peripheral muscle relaxants: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Hypertensive, antihypertensive, and antianginal agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
    • Hypertensive, antihypertensive, and antianginal agents: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Diuretics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Diuretics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Eicosanoids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
    • Eicosanoids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules
    • Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
    • Their biochemical role, biosynthesis, and inhibitor

    Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 04


    Introduction to quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR)
    • Linear free energy relationship
    • Hammett's equation
    • Use of substituent constants such as π, σ, Es, and physicochemical parameters such as pKa, partition coefficient, Rm, chemical shifts, molar refractivity
    • Simple and valance molecular connectivity to indicate electronic effects, lipophilic effects, and steric effects
    • Introduction, methodology, advantages and disadvantages/ limitations of Hansch analysis

    Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 05


    Asymmetric synthesis
    • Chirality, chiral pool, sources of various naturally available chiral compounds
    • Eutomers, distomers, eudismic ratio
    • Enantioselectivity and enantiospecificity
    • Enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess
    • Prochiral molecules
    • Asymmetric synthesis of captopril and propranolol

    Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 06


    Combinatorial chemistry
    • Introduction and basic terminology
    • Databases and libraries
    • Solid phase synthesis technique
    • Types of supports and linkers, wang, rink, and dihydropyran derivatized linkers
    • Reactions involving these linkers
    • Manual parallel and automated parallel synthesis
    • Houghton's tea bag method, micromanipulation, recursive deconvolution
    • Mix and split method for the synthesis of tripeptides
    • Limitations of combinatorial synthesis
    • Introduction to throughput screening

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 01


    Pharmacy profession and introduction to pharmaceuticals
    • Pharmacy as a career, evaluation of pharmacy, earlier period middle to modern ages
    • Definition, importance of pharmaceuticals, areas concerned, scope of pharmaceutics, history and development of the profession of pharmacy, and pharmaceutical industry in India
    • A brief review of present Indian pharmacy
    • Industry in global perspective

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 02


    Introduction to dosage form
    • Definition of the drug
    • New drug and dosage form
    • The desirable properties of a dosage form, the need of dosage form
    • Ideas about the available type of dosage forms and new drug delivery system

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 03


    Sources of drug information
    • Introduction to pharmacopoeia with reference to IP, BP, USP, and international pharmacopeia
    • Study of structure/ features (index) general notice and compartment of monographs of excipients, drug and drug product
    • Other sources
    • Textbooks, journals, internet (drug information system, online database, patient/ consumer information and non-print material
    • Classification of information, primary, secondary, and tertiary
    • Nomenclature of the drug

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 04


    Allopathic dosage form
    • Merits/ demerits, importance, formulation development-vehicles/ excipients with examples for the dosage form: Liquid dosage form-monophasic liquid dosage form
    • Aromatic waters, syrup, elixir, linctus, lotion, liniment, glycerites, solutions, spirits, ENT preparations, mixtures, paints, mouthwash

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 05


    Crude extract
    • Infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, tincture, and extract
    • Methods of preparations of dry, soft, and liquid extract

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 06


    Allergenic extract
    • Types of allergens, preparation of extract, testing, and standardization of extracts

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 07


    Biological products
    • Absorbable and non-absorbable material types, sutures, and ligatures, processing, manufacturing, sterilization, packing, QC tests of materials like catgut and nylon

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 08


    Pharmaceutical plant, location, layout
    • Plant location and layout of an industry
    • Various factors affecting locational aspects of chemical and pharmaceutical plants
    • The layout of plant building and importance of flow sheet, the difference between scientific process and technological process, the layout of various departments, equipment, and product layout v/s process layout

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 09


    Dosage form necessities and additives
    • Antioxidants, preservatives, coloring agents, flavoring agents, and diluting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, ointment bases, solvents, and others

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 10


    Powders
    • Advantages and limitations as dosage form, manufacturing procedure and equipment, special care and problems in manufacturing powders, powders of IP, effervescent granules and salts

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 11


    Capsules
    • Hard gelatin capsules, shell formulation, and manufacturing, capsule sizes, storage, filing, cleaning process general formulation contents and evaluation
    • Soft gelatin capsules, shell formulation, formulation contents, filing, sealing, and storage
    • Microencapsulation, advantages, encapsulation materials, methods of microencapsulation, IP formulations

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 12


    Tablets
    • Types, ideal requirement, classification, granulation methods, general formulation, compression machines, different types of tooling's, difficulties in tableting, troubleshooting aspects, evaluation, sugar coating, compression coating, film coating
    • Problems in tablet coatings and their troubleshooting aspects
    • Ip formulations

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 13


    Parenterals-product requiring sterile packaging
    • Definition, types advantages and limitations, general formulation, vehicles, production procedure, production facilities, controls, tests, selected IP injections, sterile powders, implants, emulsions, suspensions

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 14


    Suspensions
    • Formulation of deflocculated and flocculated suspension, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP suspensions

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 15


    Emulsions
    • Types, emulsifying agents, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP emulsions

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 16


    Suppositories
    • Ideal requirements, bases, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 17


    Semisolids
    • Definitions, bases, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 18


    Liquids (solutions, syrups, elixirs, spirits, aromatic water, liquid for external uses)
    • Definition, types, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 19


    Pharmaceutical aerosols
    • Definition, propellants, general formulation, manufacturing and packaging methods, pharmaceutical applications
    • Impacts of propellants on the environment

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 20


    Ophthalmic preparations
    • Requirement, formulation, methods of preparation, containers, evaluation, IP products

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 21


    Preformulations
    • Consideration of Importance, physical properties, physical forms, particle size, crystal forms, bulk control, solubility, wetting, flow cohesiveness, compressibility
    • Organoleptic properties and its effect on final product consideration of chemical properties, hydrolysis, oxidation, recemization, polymerization, isomerization, decarboxylation, enzymatic decomposition, formulation additives, stabilizers
    • Suspending and dispersing agents dyes, solid excipients etc and its effect on quality of finished product

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 22


    Stability of formulated products
    • Requirements, drug regulatory aspects, pharmaceutical products stability, shelf life, overages, containers, closures
    • Reaction rate and order, acid-base catalysis, destabilization, and accelerated stability testing

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 23


    Prolonged action pharmaceuticals
    • Benefits, limitations, oral products, terminology, drug elimination rate, types and construction of implants products, product evaluation, parenteral products, absorption and evaluation

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 24


    Novel drug delivery system
    • Critical fluid technology, transdermal drug delivery system, controlled drug delivery system, multiple emulsion, nanoparticles, targeted drug delivery system, aerosols, inhalation and new products reported etc

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 25


    GMP and validation
    • Introduction to GMP, QC, and QA
    • Concept and need of good manufacturing practice guidelines
    • Elements of GMP covering controls of area and processes, and product
    • Regulations related to gmp
    • Introduction of the validation process
    • Types of validation
    • The brief methodology of process, equipment, and instrument validation

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 26


    Packaging materials
    • Role and features of pharmaceutical packing materials
    • Glass, plastic, rubber, metal, and paper as pharmaceutical packaging material
    • General quality control of pharmaceutical packages
    • Primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging materials
    • Child resistant and pilfer-proof packaging

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 27


    Cosmetics
    • Formulation and preparation of dentifrices, hair creams, lipsticks, face powders, shaving preparations, skin creams, shampoos, hair dyes, depilatories, manicure preparations etc

    Pharmaceutics: Unit 28


    Pilot plant scale-up techniques
    • Need, organization, and layout, scale-up techniques for solid and liquid dosage forms
    • Technology transfer

    Pharmacology: Unit 01


    General pharmacology
    • Introduction to pharmacology-definition, scope, and source of drugs, dosage forms and routes of drug administration
    • Pharmacy codynamics-mechanism of drug action, receptors, classification, and drug-receptor interactions, combined effects of drugs, factors modifying drug actions
    • Pharmacokinetics-mechanism and principle of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
    • Principles of basic and clinical pharmacokinetics
    • Pharmacogenetics
    • Adverse drug reactions
    • Discovery and development of new drugs-preclinical and clinical studies

    Pharmacology: Unit 02


    Nerohumoral transmission in autonomic and central nervous system
    • Neurohumoral transmission (Autonomic and somatic)
    • Neurohumoral transmission in the c.n.s with special emphasis on pharmacology of various neurotransmitters
    • Nitric oxide: Biosynthesis of nitric oxide and its physiological role
    • Therapeutic use of nitric oxide and nitric oxide donors
    • Clinical condition in which nitric oxide may play a part
    • Peptides and proteins as mediators: General principal of peptide pharmacology biosynthesis and regulation of peptides peptide antagonists. Protein and peptide as drugs

    Pharmacology: Unit 03


    Pharmacology of peripheral nervous system
    • Parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, sympathomimetics, sympatholytics, ganglionic stimulants and blockers
    • Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral)
    • Local anesthetic agents
    • Drugs used in myasthenia gravis

    Pharmacology: Unit 04


    Pharmacology of central nervous system
    • General anesthetics
    • Alcohols and disulfiram
    • Sedatives, hypnotics, and centrally acting muscle relaxants, psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety agents, anti-manics, and hallucinogens
    • Anti-epileptic drugs
    • Anti-parkinsonism drugs
    • Nootropics
    • Narcotic analgesics, drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance, and dependence

    Pharmacology: Unit 05


    Pharmacology of cardiovascular system
    • Introduction of hemodynamics and electrophysiology of heart
    • Anti-hypertensive drugs, anti-anginal agents, anti-arrhythmic drugs
    • Drugs used in congestive heart failure
    • Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs
    • Drugs used in the therapy of shock
    • Haematinics, anticoagulants, and haemostatic agents
    • Fibrinolytics and antiplatelet drugs
    • Blood and plasma volume expanders

    Pharmacology: Unit 06


    Drugs acting on urinary system
    • Diuretics and anti-diuretics

    Pharmacology: Unit 07


    Drugs acting on respiratory system
    • Anti-asthmatic drugs, mucolytics and nasal decongestants, anti-tussives, and expectorants
    • Respiratory stimulants

    Pharmacology: Unit 08


    Pharmacology of endocrine system
    • Basic concepts in endocrine pharmacology
    • Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
    • Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs, parathormone, calcitonin, and vitamin-D
    • Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and glucagon
    • Acth and corticosteroids
    • Androgens and anabolic steroids
    • Estrogens, progesterone, and oral contraceptives
    • Drugs acting on the uterus

    Pharmacology: Unit 09


    Chemotherapy
    • General principles of chemotherapy
    • Sulphonamides and co-trimoxazole
    • Antibiotics-penicillins, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, macrolides, quinolones, and fluoroquinolons
    • Tetracyclines
    • Aminoglycosides and miscellaneous antibiotics
    • Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, AIDS, protozoal diseases, worm infections, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases
    • Chemotherapy of malignancy

    Pharmacology: Unit 10


    Autacoids and their antagonists
    • Histamine, 5-HT and their agonsists, and antagonists
    • Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
    • pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, angiotensin, bradykinin and substance P., analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-gout drugs

    Pharmacology: Unit 11


    Pharmacology of drug acting on the gastrointestinal tract
    • Antacids, anti-secretary, and antiulcer drugs
    • Laxatives and antidiarrheal drugs
    • Appetite stimulants and suppressants
    • Digestants and carminatives
    • Emetics and anti-emetics

    Pharmacology: Unit 12


    Chronopharmacology
    • Definition of rhythm and cycles
    • Biological clocks and their significance leading to chronotherapy

    Pharmacology: Unit 13


    Immnopharmacology
    • Immunostimulants and immunosuppressants

    Pharmacology: Unit 14


    Vitamins and minerals
    • Vitamin deficiency diseases and their management
    • Role of minerals in health and diseases

    Pharmacology: Unit 15


    Principles of toxicology
    • Definition of poison
    • General principles of treatment of poisoning
    • Treatment of poisoning due to heavy metals, insecticides, opioids, and other addict forming drugs
    • Study of acute, sub acute, and chronic toxicity as per OECD guidelines (guidelines 420, 423, 425, 407, 408, 451/ 452; only names and significance, detailed procedures and minute details are not expected)

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 01


    Introductory pharmacognosy
    • Historical development, modern concept, and scope of pharmacognosy
    • The significance of pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine practiced in India Viz: Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathic and Siddha

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 02


    Classification of crude drugs
    • Based on alphabetical, morphological, pharmacological, chemical, taxonomical, and chemotaxonomic methods: Organized and unorganized drugs-official and unofficial drugs
    • Plants, animals, and minerals: Marine products-plant tissue culture

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 03


    Factors influencing quality of crude drugs
    • Exogenous factors: Temperature, rainfall, daylight, altitude, and soil
    • Endogenous factors: Mutation, polyploidy, and hybridization in medicinal plants
    • Production factors including collection, drying, storage, and transport methods
    • Study of morphological and histological characters of crude drugs, ergastic cell inclusions, anatomical structures of both monocot and dicot stems, leaves and roots: Barks, fruits, and seeds

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 04


    Techniques in microscopy
    • Details of mountants, clearing agents, chemomicroscopic (microchemical) reagents

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 05


    Introduction to phytoconstituents
    • Definition, classification, chemical tests, and pharmaceutical importance of: Carbohydrates and their derivatives, fats and proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, resins, lipids and volatile oils

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 06


    Principles of plant classification
    • Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important plants with special reference to: Algae-rhodophyceae (agar, alginic acid, diatoms). Fungi-ergot, yeast, and penicillium. Gymnosperm-pinaceae (turpentine, colophony), gnetaceae (ephedra)
    • Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important plants with special reference to: Angiosperm-apocynaceae, asteraceae, lamiaceae, rubiaceae, rutaceae, solanaceae, scrophulariaceae, leguminosae, papaveraceae, acanthaceae and apiaceae
    • Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important plants with special reference to: Pteridophytes-male fern

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 07


    Pharmaceutical aids
    • Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Starches, acacia gum, tragacanth, sterculia, guar gum, pectin, arachis oil, castor oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, cotton, silk, wool, regenerated fibers, asbestos, kaolin
    • Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Prepared chalk, kieselguhr

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 08


    Animal products
    • Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Shellac, cochineal, cantharides, woolfat, lard, beeswax, honey, musk, lanolin, gelatin

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 09


    Plant products
    • Introduction to plant bitters, sweeteners, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and photosensitizing agents

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 10


    Toxic drugs
    • Study of allergens, hallucinogens, narcotics

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 11


    Enzymes
    • Biological sources, preparation, characters, and uses of: Diastase, papain bromelain, ficin, yeast, pancreatin, urokinase, pepsin, trypsin, penicillinase, hyaluronidase and streptokinase

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 12


    Natural pesticides and insecticides
    • Introduction to herbicides, fungicides, fumigants and rodenticides tobacco, pyrethrum, and neem

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 13


    Adulteration and evaluation of crude drugs
    • Different methods of adulteration: Evaluation of drugs by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods
    • Deterioration of herbal drugs by insects

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 14


    Quantitative microscopy
    • Definition and determination of stomatal index, stomatal number, palisade ratio, vein islet number, vein termination number, lycopodium spore method
    • Micrometers and measurement of microscopic characters

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 15


    Biogenetic pathways
    • Formation of primary and secondary metabolites
    • Study of Calvin cycle, TCA cycle, shikimic acid pathway, Embden-Mayerhoff pathway, acetate hypothesis, isoprenoid pathway
    • Biosynthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and volatile oils

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 16


    Carbohydrates and lipids
    • Biological sources, salient morphological features, chemical constituents, and uses of: Plantago, bael, chaulmoogra oil, neem oil, shark liver oil, cod liver oil, guggul lipids

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 17


    Tannins
    • Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, chemical test, and uses of: Pale catechu, black catechu, nutgalls, terminalia belerica, terminalia chebula, terminalia arjuna

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 18


    Volatile oils
    • Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Black pepper, turpentine, mentha, coriander, cardamom, cinnamon, cassia, lemon peel, orange peel, lemongrass, citronella, cumin, caraway, dill, spearmint, clove, anise
    • Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Star anise, fennel, nutmeg, eucalyptus, chenopodium, ajowan, sandalwood

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 19


    Resinous drugs
    • Classification, formation, sources, chemical constituents, identification test, adulterants, and uses of: Benzoin, peru balsam, tolu balsam, colophony, myrrh, asafoetida, jalap, colocynth, ginger, turmeric, capsicum, cannabis, podophyllum

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 20


    Glycosides
    • Nature and classification
    • Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Digitalis, strophanthus, squill, thevetia, oleander, cascara, aloe, rhubarb, senna, quassia, dioscorea, quillaia, glycyrrhiza, ginseng, gentian, wild cherry, withania
    • Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Bitter almond
    • Biosynthesis of cardiac and anthraquinone glycosides

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 21


    Alkaloids
    • Nature, classification, biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Areca nut, belladonna, hyoscymous, stramonium, duboisea, coca, coffee, tea, cinchona, opium, ipecac, nux vomica, ergot, rauwolfia, vinca, kurchi
    • Nature, classification, biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Ephedra, colchicum, vasaca, pilocarpus, aconite, solanum xanthocarpum
    • Biosynthesis of tropane, cinchona, and opium alkaloids

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 22


    Extraction and isolation techniques
    • General methods used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of alkaloids, lipids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, volatile oils and resins
    • Application of column, paper, and thin layer chromatographic techniques, for the isolation of phytopharmaceuticals

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 23


    Phytopharmaceuticals
    • Isolation, identification, and estimation of: Caffeine, eugenol, digoxin, piperine, tannic acid, diosgenin, hesperidin, berberine, calcium sennosides, rutin, glycyrrhizin, menthol, ephedrine, quinine, andrographolides and guggul lipids

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 24


    Quality control and standardization of herbal drugs
    • Quality control of herbal drugs as per WHO, AYUSH, and pharmacopoeial guidelines-extractive values, ash values, chromatographic techniques (TLC, HPTLC, and HPLC) for determination of chromatographic markers
    • Determination of heavy metals, insecticides, pesticides, and microbial load in herbal preparations

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 25


    Herbal formulations
    • Principals involved in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Chinese and Homeopathic systems of medicines
    • Preparation of ayurvedic formulations like aristas, asava, ghutika, tailia, churna, avaleha, ghrita, and bhasmas: Unani formulations like majooms, safoofs
    • Determination of alcohol contents in arishtas and asavas

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 26


    Worldwide trade of crude drugs and volatile oils
    • Study of drugs having high commercial value and their regulations pertaining to trade

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 27


    Herbal cosmetics
    • Importance of herbals as shampoos (soapnut), conditioners, and hair darkeners, (amla, henna, hibiscus, tea), skin care (aloe, turmeric, lemon peel, vetiver)

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 28


    Traditional herbal drugs
    • Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological, and clinical uses of: Punarnava (boerhaviadiffusa), shankhpushpi (convolvulus microphylla), lehsun (allium sativum), guggul (commiphora mukul)
    • Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological, and clinical uses of: Kalmegh (andrographis peniculata), tulsi (ocimum sanctum), valerian (valerian officinalis), artemisia (artemisia annua)
    • Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological, and clinical uses of: Chirata (swertia chirata), Ashoka (saraca indica)

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 29


    Plants based industries and research institutes in India
    • Knowledge about the herbal products being manufactured by premier herbal industries and thrust area of the institutes involved in plant research

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 30


    Patents
    • Indian and International patent laws, proposed amendments as applicable to herbal/ natural products and processes: Intellectual property rights with special reference to phytoconstituents

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 31


    Ayurvedic system of medicine
    • Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, various branches of treatment in ayurveda, types of the drug formulation in Ayurveda and important Ayurvedic drugs and their uses, formulation of asavas, arishtas, watika, churna, tailas, ghruta, lep

    Pharmacognosy: Unit 32


    Homeopathic system of medicine
    • Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, treatment, source of homeopathic medicines and important homeopathic drugs, and their uses

    Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 01


    Importance of quality control in pharmacy

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 02


      Acid-base titrations
      • Definitions of acids and bases according to Arrhenius, and Lewis theory
      • Definitions of normality, molarity, molality, and equivalent weight
      • Primary and secondary standards with examples, and differences between them
      • Standardization of strong acids and bases using primary, and secondary standards
      • Preparation of standard solutions of and calculations of equivalent weights of oxalic acid, potassium acid phthalate, calcium chloride dehydrate, and sodium carbonate
      • Calculation of factors involved in standardization of sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and oxalic acid
      • Direct, back, and differential titrations
      • Application of direct and back titrations to preparations like boric acid, and borax in a mixture, ammoniated mercury, milk of magnesia, and zinc oxide ointment
      • Law of mass action, acid-base equilibria, pH scale, pH and hydronium ion concentrations in aqueous systems, calculations of pH for weak acids and weak bases
      • Use and applications of ph meter
      • Hydrolysis of salts
      • Strengths of acids and bases, dissociation constant
      • Theory of acid-base indicators
      • Neutralization (titration) curves
      • Definition, different types of buffers (chemical and biological), and their composition
      • Buffer capacity, buffered isotonic solutions
      • Calculations involving preparation of various buffer capacity solutions
      • Biological and pharmaceutical applications of buffers

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 03


      Non-aqueous titrations
      • Acid-base definitions according to Lowry-Bronsted, Lewis and Arrhenius concept
      • Factors affecting strengths of acids and bases
      • Intrinsic structure and surrounding environment
      • Protophilic, protogenic, amphiprotic, and aprotic solvents
      • Acid-base equilibria in non-aqueous media
      • Titrants and indicators used for the assay of acidic, and basic substances
      • Preparation of perchloric acid, formation of onium ion
      • Assay of 1⁰, 2⁰, 3⁰ amines and amine hydrochlorides using perchloric acid, and the reactions involved in it
      • Standardization of sodium ethoxide solution
      • Assay of phenols and phenobarbitone
      • General applications of non-aqueous titrations

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 04


      Oxidation-reduction titrations
      • Definition of oxidation, reduction, oxidizing, and reducing agent
      • Equivalent weight, the concept of half reactions. Systematic balancing of half reactions with respect to: a) Oxalic acid-KMnO₄, b) FeSO₄-ceric nitrate, c) I2-sodium thiosulphate solution titrations
      • Calculation of equivalent weight of oxalic acid, KMnO₄, FeSO₄, permanganate and I2 from half-reactions
      • Calculation of factors for titrations: (a) Redox titrations-KMnO₄ as a self indicator, it's preparation, standardization, and use in the assay of ferrous gluconate tablets, H₂O₂, and NaNO₂ solution
      • Calculation of factors for titrations: (b) Iodimetric and iodometric titrations. Definitions and difference between iodimetry and iodometry. Preparation, standardization of iodine solution. Assay of ascorbic acid and sulphur ointment by iodimetry
      • Calculation of factors for titrations: (b) Assay of copper sulphate and ferric chloride by iodometry
      • Calculation of factors for titrations: (c) Bromometric titrations
      • Calculation of factors for titrations: (d) Iodate titrations. Definition. Preparation, standardization and use of KIO₃ in the assay of ascorbic acid and KI
      • Calculation of factors for titrations: (e) Cerimetric titrations. Preparation, standardization and use of ceric solutions in the assay of paracetamol tablets. Its advantages over permanganate solutions
      • Calculation of factors for titrations: (f) Bromine titrations. Preparation, standardization and use of bromine solution in the assay of phenol and isoniazid tablets
      • Calculation of factors for titrations: (g) Potassium dichromate titrations. Preparation, standardization and use of potassium dichromate solution in the assay of ferrous ammonium sulphate

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 05


      Precipitation titrations
      • The principle of solubility product and sparingly soluble salts
      • Titrants and indicators used in Mohr's, Volhard's, and Fajan's methods
      • Preparation and standardization of silver nitrate, and ammonium thiocyanate solutions
      • Assay of sodium chloride by Mohr's method, use of nitrobenzene in the assay of halides, ammonium chloride, and thiourea by Volhard's method
      • Calculation of factors in argentometric titrations
      • Titration curve method
      • General applications of precipitation titrations

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 06


      Complexometric titrations
      • Difference between double salts and coordinate compounds
      • Definitions of coordination number of metal ions, ligands-uni-, bi-, and multidentate
      • Complexing, chelating, and sequestering agents with respective examples
      • Structure of complexes of platinum with ammonia
      • Ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) as a multidentate ligand in complexometry
      • Coordinate compounds of EDTA with bi-, tri-, and tetravalent metal ions
      • Stability of complexes and factors affecting it, use of buffers in EDTA titrations
      • Selective analysis of ions based on pH adjustments, use of masking, and demasking agents, pM or metal ion indicators
      • Standardization of EDTA solution, titration curves, and examples of assays carried out by direct and back titrations and by replacement of one complex by the other
      • Applications of complexometry in the assays of calcium gluconate, milk of magnesia, zinc undecenoate ointment, and aluminium hydroxide gel
      • Assay of naf by indirect titration

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 07


      Gravimetry
      • Principles of gravimetry
      • Factors affecting precipitation, formation, and properties of the precipitate
      • Colloidal state
      • Impurities in the precipitate, conditions of precipitation
      • Precipitation from homogenous solutions, washing, drying, and ignition of the precipitate
      • Experimental techniques of drying and ignition
      • Applications of gravimetry in pharmacy

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 08


      Extraction techniques
      • Liquid-liquid extraction, separation of mixtures by extraction
      • Distribution law
      • Successive and multiple extraction (Craig method), continuous counter-current extraction
      • Effect of temperature and ph on extraction
      • Inert solute, associate ion pair formation, emulsion problem in extractions
      • Applications in pharmacy

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 09


      Potentiometry
      • Theory, ion-selective electrodes, measurement of potential, red-ox titration curve, pH measurement, the relation of pH to potential
      • Applications in pharmacy

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 10


      Miscellaneous methods of analysis
      • Diazotization titrations
      • Kjeldahl nitrogen estimation
      • Karl Fischer titrations
      • Liquid gelenicals
      • Oxygen flask determination of alcohol content in liquid gelenicals
      • Oxygen flask combustion method

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 11


      Calibration
      • Calibration of instruments

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 12


      General principles of spectroscopy
      • Wave-particle duality, wave properties, particulate properties
      • Line and band spectrum
      • Electromagnetic spectrum
      • Absorption and emission spectroscopy
      • Understanding of terms such as absorbance, transmittance, absorptivities, molar absorptivity, E 1cm 1%, λmax, the effect of solvent and pH on λmax

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 13


      Ultraviolet-visible spectrometry
      • Different electronic transitions
      • Auxochromes and their effects, auxochromic, bathochromic, and hypsochromic shifts (red and blue shifts)
      • Beer-Lambert law, its derivation, deviations in Beer's law
      • Single and double beam spectrophotometers covering sources of radiations, different monochromators, detectors such as barrier cell, photocell, photomultiplier tube
      • Photodiode array detector
      • Applications of this technique in qualitative and quantitative estimations giving emphasis on problem-solving
      • Fieser-woodward rules for calculations of theoretical λmax values

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 14


      Spectrofluorimetry
      • Principle, definitions, and types of luminescence
      • Mechanism of fluorescence and phosphorescence
      • Singlet and triplet states, and intersystem crossing
      • Fluorescence yield and factors affecting it
      • Quenching of fluorescence and fluorescence quenchers
      • Structure and fluorescence
      • A brief discussion of instrumentation
      • Applications of fluorimetry in pharmacy

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 15


      Flame photometry and atomic absorption spectrometry
      • Principle and instrumentation with emphasis on working, and importance of different components
      • Temperature, flame absorption, and emission profiles
      • Interferences and their avoidance
      • Quantitative estimations and applications

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 16


      Infrared spectrometry
      • Infrared region in em spectrum
      • The principle, different stretching and bending vibrations
      • Components (and their working) of a dispersive instrument
      • Fourier transform (FT) technique, FT instruments and their comparison with dispersive instruments
      • Sample handling techniques
      • Functional group and fingerprint regions in the spectrum
      • Functional groups identification and their use in the characterization of compounds
      • Problems based on the identification of functional groups from spectra of unknown compounds

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 17


      Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry
      • The principle involved in the technique
      • Knowledge about fundamental terms involved such as quantized absorption, flipping of nucleus, spin number, magnetic moment, magnetogyric ratio, relaxation, etc
      • Equations relating these terms to the frequency of radiation and magnetic field (without derivation of the equations)
      • Types of relaxation processes
      • Low and high-resolution instruments
      • A brief discussion on the low-resolution instrumentation (60 MHz)
      • Quantitative knowledge of the relationship between MHz and magnetic field
      • An introduction to superconductivity magnets
      • Solvents and reference standards used
      • Setting up of NMR scale
      • Sample preparation
      • Shielding and deshielding of a proton, and its effect on chemical shifts
      • Discussion on and importance of equivalent and non equivalent protons (number of signals), chemical shifts (position of signal) and their calculation from the spectrum, chemical shifts of different H's, splitting (multiplicity) of a signal
      • Coupling constants (J values), integration (area under the signal)
      • Importance of these terms in identification (or confirmation) of different functional groups
      • Significance and contribution of j value in stereochemistry
      • Prediction (expected theoretical values) of chemical shifts and multiplicities for all protons from simple structures containing up to 12-15 carbons
      • An introduction to ft-technique and its significance in 13c-nmr spectrometry

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 18


      Mass spectrometry
      • Principle
      • Low and high-resolution instruments
      • Components and importance of each in brief
      • Different types of mass spectrometric techniques
      • Brief knowledge of chemical ionization mass spectrometry
      • Calculations of hydrogen deficiency index (HDI) or unsaturation index (UI)
      • Base or parent peak, molecular ion, M + 1, M + 2 peaks
      • Calculations of molecular weight based on m +1 and m + 2 peaks
      • Formation of molecular ion and further fragmentation
      • Rearrangements in mass spectrometry
      • Major modes of fragmentations of hydrocarbons, hydroxyl compounds, halogen compounds, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines
      • Introduction (only) to recent advances in MS

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 19


      Polarography
      • Principle and instrumentation
      • IIkovich equation (no derivation) and its importance
      • Dropping mercury electrode (DME), saturated calomel electrode
      • Liquid-liquid junction potential, polarographic cell
      • Explanation of origin of the S-shaped C-V curve
      • Applications of this technique
      • Amperometric titrations, principles, instrumentation, and applications

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 20


      Nephelometry and turbidimetry
      • Principles, Tyndall effect
      • Duboscq turbidimeter
      • Eel's nephelometer
      • Applications

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 21


      Chromatography
      • Principle, rate and plate theory, Van Deemter equation and the parameters affecting separation/ band broadening
      • Classification of chromatography, retention factor
      • A detailed study of thin layer chromatography (TLC), preparative TLC, paper chromatography (PC), column chromatography, gas chromatography (GC/ GLC)
      • Qualitative and quantitative applications of the above techniques
      • An introduction to high performance TLC (HPTLC), comparison of TLC, and HPTLC
      • brief introduction to high pressure/ performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

      Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 22


      Miscellaneous
      • An introduction to electrophoresis
      • An introduction to lasers and masers
      • Statistical treatment to experimental data
      • Sampling techniques and applications in pharmaceutical industry

      Biochemistry: Unit 01


      Cell
      • Revision of ultra structure of the cell, functions of various cellular constituents
      • Applications of biochemical principles to the pharmacy

      Biochemistry: Unit 02


      Carbohydrates
      • Types of carbohydrates, their functions, digestion, and absorption
      • Aerobic and anaerobic oxidation with energetics
      • Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
      • Hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP shunt)
      • Diseases associated with carbohydrate metabolism

      Biochemistry: Unit 03


      Proteins
      • Different types of proteins
      • Their functions, digestion, and absorption
      • Denaturation and its effect on biological activity
      • Renaturation of proteins
      • Urea formation, urea cycle, creatinine formation
      • Transamination and deamination
      • Proteins as enzymes

      Biochemistry: Unit 04


      Lipids
      • Different types of lipids
      • Their functions, digestion, absorption, and metabolism
      • Beta-oxidation of fatty acids with energetics
      • Biosynthesis of cholesterol (from acetate), adrenocorticoids, androgens, progesterone, estrogens, and bile acids/ salts
      • Ketone bodies, their formation, and biochemical significance
      • Diseases associated with lipid metabolism

      Biochemistry: Unit 05


      Vitamins
      • Definition
      • Classification, structures (except B12) biochemical role, sources, daily requirements, and deficiency symptoms
      • Vitamins as cofactors in biochemical reactions

      Biochemistry: Unit 06


      Biological oxidations and reductions
      • Oxidation-reduction systems in the body their role
      • Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain
      • Cytochromes and inhibitors of the same

      Biochemistry: Unit 07


      Enzymes
      • Classification and their various roles
      • Enzyme cofactors
      • Enzyme kinetics
      • Michaelis-Menten equation along with its transformations
      • Double reciprocal plot
      • Factors affecting enzyme action
      • Enzyme inhibition, competitive and non-competitive, and kinetics

      Biochemistry: Unit 08


      Nucleic acids
      • Different types of nucleic acids (NAs) and their composition
      • Purine and pyrimidine bases, sugars, and phosphoric acid
      • Nucleosides and nucleotides
      • Formation of NAs and their backbone
      • Different ways of representing dna and rna molecules
      • Physico-chemical properties of nas
      • Their stability in acidic and basic solutions
      • Isolation, purification, and identification, buoyant density, sedimentation coefficient, and Svedberg constant of NAs
      • De-novo biosynthesis of nas
      • DNA and the Watson-Crick model, and its features
      • Dna as the bearer of genetic information
      • The central dogma of molecular genetics and the processes defined in the same
      • Replication of dna
      • Different types of rnas with their special features and functions
      • Minor or rare bases
      • Transcription and translation
      • Different post-translational modifications of proteins
      • Triplet codon and the codon dictionary
      • Mutations
      • An introduction to different types of mutations
      • Their nature and repair

      Biochemistry: Unit 09


      Hereditary diseases
      • Elliptocytosis, spherocytosis, HNPCC, diabetes insipidus

      Biotechnology: Unit 01


      Plant cell and tissue culture
      • Structure of plant cell, DNA, genes, and chromosomes
      • Cell and tissue culture: (a) Requirements, (b) callus culture, suspension culture, batch culture, (c) the concept of somatic hybridization, somatic embryogenesis
      • Processes and applications: (a) Isolation and immobilization of enzymes and plant cells and application, (b) protoplast and cell fusion, (c) germplasm conservation, (d) production of secondary metabolites by plant tissue culture
      • Processes and applications: (e) Gene transfer techniques

      Biotechnology: Unit 02


      Animal cell culture
      • Introduction to animal cell culture, medium used in ATC
      • Use of FCS, primary culture, secondary culture, cell line
      • Cloning: Concept and application with technical hurdles
      • Transgenic animals as a source of food, organs, and tissues, concept of xenotransplant

      Biotechnology: Unit 03


      Fermentation technology and industrial microbiology
      • Fermentation as a biochemical process, types of fermentation
      • Fermenter-working and construction, accessory components, modification
      • Fermentation monitoring and in situ recovery of products

      Biotechnology: Unit 04


      Recombinant DNA technology
      • Basic concepts: (a) Introduction, (b) role of a restriction endonuclease, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase

      Biotechnology: Unit 05


      Process and applications
      • Constructing recombinant DNA molecules:(a) DNA clones sources of DNA for cloning, (b) DNA vectors, role of expression vectors, (c) host cell for recombinant work, (d) method for screening and selecting transformants, (e) expression of foreign genes
      • Constructing recombinant DNA molecules: (f) uses of recombinant DNA
      • PCR and applications: Human gene therapy concept and applications
      • Drug delivery systems in gene therapy

      Biotechnology: Unit 06


      Biotechnology derived products
      • Sources and upstream processing: (a) Introduction, (b) Escherichia coli as a source of recombinant, therapeutic protein, (c) additional production systems: Yeast, fungal production systems, transgenic animals, transgenic plants, insects cell-based systems
      • Sources and upstream processing: (c) Upstream processing
      • Downstream processing: (a) Product analysis-introduction, protein-based contaminant, removal of an altered form of the protein of interest from the product stream, (b) determination of protein concentration
      • Immunological approaches to detection of contaminant, endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants: (a) Pyrogen detection, (b) DNA as a contaminant, (c) microbial and viral contaminant, (d) viral assays, (e) miscellaneous contaminants
      • Immunological approaches to detection of contaminant, endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants: (f) Validation studies
      • Production and purification of recombinant proteins like, insulin, growth hormones, somatostatin, interferons, only examples of recombinant blood products

      Microbiology: Unit 01


      Introduction to microbiology
      • Scope and application to pharmacy field
      • Whittaker's five kingdom concept, historical development-biogenesis vs. abiogenesis, germ theory of fermentation, germ theory of disease, the contribution of Leeuwenhoek, Robert Koch, Jenner, Louis Pasteur and Ehrlich

      Microbiology: Unit 02


      Microscopy and staining technique
      • The principle, ray diagram, construction, working, and applications of light compound, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence and electron microscope
      • The concept of resolving power, magnification power, numerical aperture and angular aperture, and working distance
      • The principle application of oil immersion microscopy
      • Theory of staining, principle and technique of staining procedure-monochrome, gram, acid-fast, negative, capsule, endospore

      Microbiology: Unit 03


      Biology of microorganisms
      • Cultural characteristics, pure culture techniques
      • Bacteria-morphology and fine structure of bacteria, nutritional requirement and type of culture media, growth and growth curve of bacteria, physical condition for growth, measurement of bacterial growth (counting methods), reproduction in bacteria
      • Genetic exchange-transformation, conjugation, and transduction, development of drug resistance by recombination and mutation, preservation of bacterial culture
      • Biochemical properties (sugar fermentation and IMVIC test)
      • Pathogenesis of staphylococcus, mycobacterium
      • Salmonella introductory study of disease-causing rickettsia, the importance of actinomycetes in antibiotic production

      Microbiology: Unit 04


      Fungi and viruses
      • Fungi: Introduction, general characteristics, morphology, the industrial and medical significance of saccharomyces cerevisae, penicillium and aspergillus, candida albicans, epidermophyton, and trichophyta
      • Viruses: Introduction, structure, and general properties bacteriophages-lytic and lysogenic cycle, epidemiological uses of bacteriophages, human viruses-cultivation and multiplication virus-host cell interaction, pathogenesis of HIV and prions
      • Viruses: Types of tumor viruses

      Microbiology: Unit 05


      Aseptic technique
      • The omnipresence of microorganisms, the importance of asepsis, sources of contamination and methods of prevention, principle, construction, and working of laminar airflow bench

      Microbiology: Unit 06


      Sterilization and disinfection
      • Concept and classification, principle, and methods of sterilization, mechanisms of cell injury
      • Construction working and applications of moist heat and dry heat sterilizer, gamma radiation sterilizer, filtration sterilizer
      • Indicators of sterilization, microbial death, kinetic terms-D value, Z value
      • Terminology of chemical antimicrobial agents, chemical classification of different disinfectants, characteristics of ideal disinfectants, factors affecting the action of disinfectants, evaluation methods (RW coefficient), Kelsey Sykes test
      • Chick martin test

      Microbiology: Unit 07


      Microbial spoilage
      • Types of spoilage, factors affecting spoilage of pharmaceutical products

      Microbiology: Unit 08


      Vaccines and sera
      • Manufacturing (seed lot system) and quality control of bacterial vaccines and toxoids (tetanus, TAB, cholera, BCG, DPT), viral vaccine (Polio-salk sabin, rabies, MMR, hepatitis, chickenpox, influenza), antisera (diphtheria, tetanus)
      • Antiviral antisera (rabies)
      • Preparation of allergenic extracts and diagnostics

      Microbiology: Unit 09


      Microbial assay
      • Importance, general methods of assay of antibiotics (cup and plate method, paper disc method, turbidometry, dilution method), methods for fungicidal and antiviral compounds, assay, microbial limit tests

      Pathophysiology: Unit 01


      Basic principles of cell injury and adaptation
      • Causes, pathogenesis, and morphology of cell injury, apoptosis, and necrosis

      Pathophysiology: Unit 02


      Basic mechanisms of inflammation and repair
      • Pathogeneses of inflammation
      • Chemical mediators in inflammation
      • Pathogenesis of chronic inflammation
      • Repair of wounds in the skin, factors influencing healing of wounds

      Pathophysiology: Unit 04


      Disorders of homeostasis
      • White blood cells, lymphoid tissues, and red blood cells related diseases

      Pathophysiology: Unit 05


      Immunopathology including amyloidosis
      • Host parasite relationship: Normal microbial flora of human body, infection vs. disease, pathogenicity vs. virulence, Koch and Rivers Postulates, reservoir of infection-sources of infection, portals of entry, portals of exit, vectors of infection
      • Host parasite relationship: Communicability of disease, recognized symptoms of microbial disease, classification of immunity
      • External defense mechanism of host: Skin, mucus membrane, chemical secretions, naturally occurring microbial flora
      • Internal defense mechanism: Inflammation, fever, natural killer cells, phagocytic cells, soluble mediators-complement lymphokines, interferons
      • Immune response: Specific immunity and immune response. Humoral immunity antibody response, mediators of humoral immunity, basic structure of antibody, antibody classes, and functions, maturation of immune response, immunologic memory
      • Immune response: Antigens-specificity and immunogenicity, natural vs. artificial antigens, soluble, cellular antigens, thymus independent antigen, adjuvant
      • Immune response: Hypersensitivity and its types-cellular immunity: Transplantation immunity, cellular immunity to viruses, implications of T-cell response. Acquisition of specific immunity: Natural vs. passive acquisition. Mechanism of autoimmunity
      • Immune response: Hypersensitivity and its types-cellular immunity: Classification of autoimmune diseases in man. Transplantation and allograft reactions, mechanism of rejection of allograft. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

      Pathophysiology: Unit 06


      Infectious diseases
      • Hepatitis-infective hepatitis
      • Sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV)
      • Pneumonia, typhoid, urinary tract infections
      • Tuberculosis
      • Leprosy
      • Malaria
      • Dysentery (bacterial and amoebic)

      Pathophysiology: Unit 07


      Neoplastic diseases
      • Disturbances of growth of cells
      • General biology of tumors, differences between benign and malignant tumors
      • Classification of tumors
      • Historical diagnosis of malignancy
      • Etiology and pathogenesis of cancer
      • Invasions, metastasis, patterns of spread of cancer
      • Environmental carcinogenesis

      Pathophysiology: Unit 08


      Pathophysiology of common diseases
      • Parkinsonism
      • Schizophrenia
      • Depression and mania stroke (ischemic and hemorrhage)
      • Hypertension
      • Angina
      • Myocardial infarction, CCF
      • Atherosclerosis
      • Diabetes mellitus
      • Peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease
      • Cirrhosis and alcoholic liver diseases
      • Acute and chronic renal failure
      • Asthma and chronic obstructive airway diseases

      Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics: Unit 01


      Bio-pharmaceutics
      • The fate of drug after drug absorption, various mechanisms for drug absorption, drug concentration in blood, biological factors in drug absorption, physicochemical factors, dosage form consideration for gastrointestinal absorption
      • Drug absorption: (a) Gastrointestinal absorption-biological considerations, (b) gastrointestinal absorption-physicochemical considerations, (c) gastrointestinal absorption-role of the dosage form, (d) pharmacokinetics
      • Drug absorption: (d) Compartmental and non-compartmental pharmacokinetics. Biotransformation, drug disposition-distribution, drug disposition-elimination.Variability-body weight, age, sex, and genetic factors. Pharmacokinetic variability diseases
      • Drug absorption: (d) Pharmacokinetic variability-drug interactions. Individualization and optimization of drug dosing regimens

      Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics: Unit 02


      Bio-availability and bio-equivalence
      • Quality parameters of dosage forms
      • Assay methods and its validation
      • Physicochemical properties of drugs and added substances and its effect on preparations, and biological availability of dosage forms
      • Pharmaceutical properties of dosage forms, disintegration, dissolution rate
      • Biological, pharmacological effects of dosage forms
      • Factors affecting bioavailability, determination of bioavailability
      • Significance of bio-equivalence studies
      • Statistical analysis of bioequivalence studies
      • Development, scale up and post approval changes (SUPAC) and in vitro (dissolution) in vivo (plasma concentration profile) correlation or IV/ IV correlation (IVIVC)
      • Multi stage-bioequivalence studies
      • Therapeutic equivalence
      • Titration design for clinical rationales
      • New drug application (NDA)

      Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics: Unit 03


      Bio-pharmaceutical statistics
      • Post marketing surveillance
      • Process validation

      Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 01


      General principles
      • Preparation, maintenance, analysis of observational records in clinical pharmacy

      Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 02


      Clinical trials
      • Type and phases of clinical trials, placebo, ethical and regulatory issues including good clinical practice in clinical trials

      Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 03


      Therapeutic drug monitoring
      • Adverse drug reaction (ADR), types of ADR, mechanism of ADR

      Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 04


      Drug interaction
      • Monitoring and reporting of ADR, and its significance

      Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 05


      Drug information services
      • Drug interactions

      Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 06


      Drug interaction in pediatric and geriatric patients
      • Drug treatment during pregnancy, lactation and menstruation

      Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 07


      Pharmacovigilance
      • Therapeutic drug monitoring, neutraceuticals, essential drugs and rational drug usage

      Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 08


      Age-related drug therapy
      • Concept of posology, drug therapy for neonates, pediatrics, and geriatrics
      • Drugs used in pregnancy and lactation

      Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 09


      Drug therapy
      • In gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, and respiratory disorders
      • For neurological and psychological disorders
      • In infections of respiratory system, urinary system, infective meningitis, TB, HIV, malaria, and filaria
      • For thyroid and parathyroid disorders, diabetes mellitus, menstrual cycle disorders, menopause and male sexual dysfunction
      • For malignant disorders like leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors
      • For rheumatic, eye, and skin disorders

      Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 01


      Cell physiology
      • Cell, cell junctions, transport mechanisms, homeostasis, ion channels, secondary messengers

      Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 02


      The blood
      • Composition and functions of blood, RBC, WBC, platelets
      • Homeostasis, blood groups, mechanism of clotting
      • Introduction to disorders of the blood

      Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 03


      Gastrointestinal tract
      • Structure of the gastrointestinal tract, functions of its different parts including those of liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, various gastrointestinal structures and their role in the digestion, and absorption of food

      Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 04


      Respiratory system
      • Structure of respiratory organs, functions of respiration mechanism and regulation of respiration, respiratory volumes and vital capacity

      Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 05


      Autonomic nervous system
      • Physiology and functions of the autonomic nervous system
      • Mechanism of neurohumoral transmission in ans

      Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 06


      Sense organs
      • Structure and physiology of eye (vision), ear (hearing), taste buds, nose (smell), and skin

      Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 07


      Skeletal system
      • Structure and function of the skeleton
      • Articulation and movement
      • Disorders of bones and joints

      Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 08


      Central nervous system
      • Functions of different parts of the brain and spinal cord
      • Neurohumoral transmission in the central nervous system, reflex action, electroencephalogram, specialized functions of the brain, cranial nerves, and their functions

      Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 09


      Urinary system
      • Various parts structure and functions of the kidney, and urinary tract
      • Physiology of urine formation and acid-base balance
      • Brief introduction to disorders of the kidney

      Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 10


      Endocrine glands
      • Basic anatomy and physiology of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and pancreas
      • Local hormones
      • A brief introduction to disorders of various endocrine glands

      Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 11


      Reproductive system
      • Structure and functions of male, and female reproductive system
      • Sex hormones, physiology of menstrual cycle, and various stages of pregnancy and parturition

      Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 12


      Cardiovascular system
      • Anatomy of heart and blood vessels, physiology of blood circulation, cardiac cycle, conducting system of the heart, heart sound, electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and its regulation

      Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 13


      Lymphatic system
      • Composition, formation, and circulation of lymph
      • Spleen and its functions

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 01


      Fluid flow
      • Type of flow, Reynolds number, viscosity, the concept of the boundary layer, basic equation of fluid flow, the study of valves, flow meters, manometers, and measurement of flow and pressure including mathematical problems

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 02


      Heat transfer
      • Source of heat, mechanism of heat transfer, the laws of heat transfer, steam and electricity as heating media, determination of requirement of the amount of steam/ electrical energy, steam pressure, boiler capacity, mathematical problems on heat transfer
      • Steam traps and reducing valve, lagging

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 03


      Evaporation
      • The basic concept of phase equilibrium, factors affecting evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators, mathematical problems on evaporation

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 04


      Distillation
      • Raoult's law, phase diagram, volatility: Simple steam and flash distillation, principles of rectification, Mc-Cabe Thiele method for calculations of a number of theoretical plates, azeotropic, and extractive distillation
      • Mathematical problems on distillation

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 05


      Drying
      • Moisture content and mechanism of drying, the rate of drying and time of drying calculations, classifications and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying methods like freeze drying, and lyophilization
      • Mathematical problems in drying

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 06


      Size reduction and size separation
      • Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing in energy and power requirement of a mill, types of mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill, micronizer, Quadro co-mil, multi mill etc

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 07


      Extraction
      • Theory of extraction, extraction methods, equipment for various types of the extraction process

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 08


      Mixing
      • Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid, and liquid-liquid mixing equipment

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 09


      Crystallization
      • Characteristics of crystals like purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms, size, and factors affecting them
      • Solubility curves and calculation curves, and calculations of heat balance around S. Swanson's Walker crystallizer, super saturation theory and its limitations, nucleation mechanism, crystal growth, study of various types of crystallizers, tanks
      • Agitated batch, Swanson's Walker, single vacuums, circulating magma and crystal crystallizers, cracking of crystals and its prevention
      • Numerical problems on yields
      • Introduction to polymorphism

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 10


      Filtration and centrifugation
      • Theory of filtrations, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters, including filter press, rotary filter, edge filters, filter leaf and laboratory filtration equipment etc, factors affecting filtration, mathematical problems on filtrations
      • Optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters
      • Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters, and centrifugal sedimentars

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 11


      Dehumidification and humidity control
      • Basic concept and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, psychometric count and measurement of humidity, application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipment for humidification and dehumidification operations

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 12


      Refrigeration and air conditioning
      • Principles and applications of refrigeration, and air conditioning

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 13


      Material of constructions
      • General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, properties, and applications of the materials of construction with special reference to stainless steel, glass, ferrous metals, cast iron, non ferrous metals, copper and alloys, aluminum and alloys
      • Lead, tin, silver, nickel, and alloys, chromium and non metals, stone, slate, brick, asbestos, plastics, rubber, timber, concrete
      • Corrosion and its prevention with reference to commonly used material in pharmaceutical plants

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 14


      Automated process control systems
      • A process variable, temperature, pressure, flow level and vacuum, and their measurement
      • Elements of automatic process control and introduction to automatic process control
      • Elements of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

      Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 15


      Industrial hazards and safety precautions
      • Mechanical, chemical, electrical, fire, dust, noise hazards, industrial dermatitis, accident, records, safety requirements/ equipment etc

      Pharmaceutical management: Unit 01


      Introduction to management
      • Types of management
      • Basic concepts of management, management process, function, and principles
      • Levels of management, pharmaceutical management art, science or profession
      • Social responsibilities of management, functions of management

      Pharmaceutical management: Unit 02


      Planning and forecasting
      • Planning: Nature, process, and types of planning, steps in the planning process, planning premises
      • Advantages and limitations of planning
      • Management by objective, meaning, objective features, advantages and limitations
      • Forecasting: Meaning, nature, importance, limitations
      • Techniques of forecasting

      Pharmaceutical management: Unit 03


      Organization
      • Definition, nature, theories, functions, line, and staff organization concepts

      Pharmaceutical management: Unit 04


      Research management
      • R and d organizations and research categories
      • Elements needed for an r and d organization
      • Technology transfer

      Pharmaceutical management: Unit 05


      Inventory management
      • R and d organizations and research categories
      • Types of inventories
      • Requirements of effective inventory control

      Pharmaceutical management: Unit 06


      Communication
      • Nature, types of communication, process, channels, and barriers of communication
      • Limitations of communications
      • Importance in pharmaceutical industries

      Pharmaceutical management: Unit 07


      Marketing research
      • New product selection, product management, advertising

      Pharmaceutical management: Unit 08


      Leadership and motivation
      • Leadership: Meaning, nature, leadership styles
      • Theories of leadership
      • Motivation: Meaning, nature, importance
      • Theories of motivation

      Pharmaceutical management: Unit 09


      Human resource and development (HRD)
      • Definition, HRD methods, HRD process, HRD in Indian industry

      Pharmaceutical management: Unit 10


      GATT
      • General agreement on tariff and trade and its impact on the pharmaceutical industry
      • History of GATT, its impact on the pharmaceutical industry
      • Pharmaceutical market in

      Pharmaceutical management: Unit 11


      World trade organization (WTO) and trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS)
      • Introduction to wto
      • Types of intellectual property rights: Industrial property and copyrights Indian patent acts, 1970 with the latest amendment

      Pharmaceutical management: Unit 12


      World trade organization (WTO) and trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS)
      • Definition, types of patents

      Pharmaceutical management: Unit 13


      Standard institutions and regulatory authorities
      • Bureau of Indian standards (BIS)
      • International organization for standardization (ISO)
      • United states of food and drug administration (USFDA)
      • Central drug standard control organization (CDSCO)
      • International conference on harmonization (ICH)
      • World health organization (WHO)

      Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 02


      The pharmacy act 1948 (inclusive of recent amendments)

        Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 08


        Prevention of cruelty to animals act, 1960

          Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 09


          Drug (price control) order

            Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 10


            Shops and establishment act

              Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 11


              Factory act

                Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 12


                Consumer protection act

                  Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 13


                  Indian pharmaceutical industry
                  • An overview

                  Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 14


                  Industrial development and regulation act, 1951

                    Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 17


                    Minimum wages act, 1948

                      Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 18


                      Prevention of food adulteration act, 1954 and rules

                        Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 01


                        Introduction to laboratory equipment
                        • Weighing methodology, handling of prescriptions, labeling instructions for dispensed products

                        Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 02


                        Posological calculations involved in the calculation of dosage for infants
                        • Enlarging and reducing formula, displacement value

                        Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 04


                        Study of current patent and proprietary products, generic products and selected brand products, indications, contraindications, adverse drug reactions, available dosage forms and packing of
                        • (a) Antihypertensive drug, (b) antiamoebic drugs, (c) antihistaminic drugs, (d) antiemetic drugs, (e) antacids and ulcer healing drugs, (f) antidiarrheals and laxatives, (g) respiratory drugs, (h) antibiotics, (i) analgesics and antipyretic drugs

                        Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 05


                        Compounding and dispensing of following prescriptions
                        • (a) Mixtures, (b) solutions, (c) emulsions, (d) lotions (external preparations), (e) liniments (external preparations), (f) powder, (g) granules, (h) suppositories, (i) ointments/ paste, (j) cream
                        • (k) Incompatibility: Prescription based on physical, chemical, and therapeutic incompatibility. Tablets, (l) inhalations

                        Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 06


                        Reading and counseling of prescriptions from the clinical practice
                        • Designing from mock pharmacy: Layout and structure of retail pharmacy, compounding, dispensing, storing, labeling, pricing, recording, and counseling of prescription
                        • Procurement of information for the given drug for drug information services
                        • Preparation of hospital formulary

                        The admit card for GPAT 2024 mentions details related to the exam, test centre, hall ticket number, the name of the candidate, etc. To download the GPAT admit card candidates need to log in using their application number, date of birth, and security pin. However, before downloading the GPAT admit card 2024, candidates must check all the details printed on it. Also, candidates must remember that GPAT 2024 admit card is an important document. If a candidate fails to carry it to the examination hall, they are not allowed to appear for the GPAT.

                        Steps to download GPAT admit card:

                        • Visit the website of GPAT 2024 at natboard.edu.in
                        • Click on the link to 'download GPAT 2024 admit card' 
                        • Candidates can download it by using the application number and password or date of birth
                        • Enter the login credentials and click on submit
                        • The GPAT admit card appears on screen for download. 

                        Unable to download the GPAT Admit Card?

                        Candidates who will be unable to download their admit cards must send an email to the official email ID provided by NBE for the cause citing their name, application number, and other details.

                        Documents to be carried along with GPAT admit card 2024

                        • One passport-size photograph - This should be the same as uploaded for the online application form and is used for pasting on the specific space in the attendance sheet at the GPAT 2024 exam centre during the exam.
                        • Anyone of the photo IDs - Candidates must carry the original, valid, and non-expired photo IDs: PAN card/ Driving License/ Voter ID/ Passport/ Aadhaar Card (With photograph)/ Ration Card
                        • PwD certificate issued by the Competent Authority if applicable

                        GPAT exam day guidelines 2024:

                        Here are some of the GPAT guidelines, that aspirants must follow at the centre:

                        • Candidates must report to the GPAT test centre one and a half hours before the exam starts
                        • They should follow the social distancing norms and maintain six feet distance
                        • Face masks must be worn by students and their parents or guardians. New masks will be provided at the exam centre
                        • Following the GPAT dress code, aspirants must avoid wearing shoes and footwear with thick sole
                        • No electronic gadgets like mobiles, earphones, pager, calculators, pen drives, and others will be allowed to take inside the GPAT exam hall.

                        The GPAT 2024 answer key contains the answers to the questions asked in the exam. Using the GPAT answer key, candidates can calculate the marks to be obtained in the exam. Candidates can challenge GPAT official answer key 2024 by paying Rs 200 per question in online mode. The amount paid for the challenge was refunded if the challenges will be correct. After the challenge process is over, the NBE will release the final answer key of GPAT 2024 in PDF format at nbe.edu.in. 

                        How to calculate your probable GPAT score 2024?

                        Use the official marking scheme of GPAT 2024 to calculate your score. According to the GPAT marking scheme, candidates will be rewarded 4 marks for every correct answer while every incorrect response deducts one mark.

                        GPAT score = (4 x Number of correct responses) + (1 x Number of incorrect responses)

                        How to challenge the GPAT answer key?

                        • Candidates must log in using their application number and password/ date of birth and pay a sum of Rs 1000 per question through credit/debit card/Net banking,
                        • The NBE's committee will look into the objections and release the final answer key after consideration of the same. The decision on the challenges is final and no further communication is entertained by the authorities.

                        The GPAT result 2024 carries details such as the candidate’s rank, qualifying status and score. To check the GPAT 2024 result, candidates have to enter their email ID and password. The authorities will also release the GPAT merit list after the declaration of the result. In order to check the GPAT scorecard 2024, aspirants need to enter their registered e-mail ID and password.  

                        Steps to check GPAT 2024 result:

                        • Visit the official website natboard.edu.in
                        • Click on the link 'View GPAT result 2024'
                        • Enter the login credentials, i.e. candidate application number and password or date of birth
                        • Click on 'Sign in' and then 'View result'

                        The GPAT result 2024 page will show the maximum marks, the candidate's NBE score and All India Rank (AIR). GPAT 2024 result is valid for a period of three years from its declaration. The GPAT scorecard is used for admissions at more than 800 institutes offering M.Pharm courses across the country.

                        Individual participating institutes conduct the counselling based on the GPAT score. Qualified candidates have to register with the institutes for the GPAT 2024 counselling procedure separately. The counselling schedule is then released by the GPAT participating institutes separately. More than 800 institutes offer admissions to the master in Pharmacy programmes in the country on the basis of GPAT 2024 scores.

                        Documents required for GPAT Counselling 2024:

                        • GPAT Counselling letter (original)

                        • GPAT admit card (original)

                        • GPAT rank card

                        • 10th class mark sheet (original)

                        • 12th class mark sheet (original)

                        • Graduation certificate (original/ provisional)

                        • Character certificate (original)

                        • Category certificate (if applicable)

                        • Latest passport-size photographs

                        General Information

                        Contacts

                        7042399521 + 2 more

                        Relevant Links

                        Official Website Link Click Here + 1 more

                        Frequently Asked Questions

                        1. What is GPAT 2024 exam date?

                        The GPAT 2024 exam date was June 8, 2024. 

                        2. Is GPAT 2024 admit card released?

                        Yes, the GPAT 2024 admit cards were released at the official website, natboard.edu.in on June 3. 

                        3. What is the important details requires for GPAT 2024 registration?

                        GPAT 2024 registration requires the aspirants to provide basic details like name, father's name, etc. A unique application number is generated during the time of GPAT registration which has to be noted.

                        4. What is the duration of GPAT 2024?

                        The GPAT exam is of 3 hours time duration. 

                        5. Can I apply for change of exam centre after release of GPAT admit card?

                        No, candidates are not allowed to make any changes once the application form is saved.

                        6. Can I take the GPAT test from any computer?

                        No. A candidate has to take the test on a pre-assigned computer at the test venue as contained in the GPAT admit card.

                        7. Which Institutes accept GPAT score?

                        There are more than 800 participating institutes that accept GPAT score.

                        8. What is GPAT exam 2024 conducted for?

                        The Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) is conducted for M. Pharm admissions across various participating institutes of India.

                        E-books and Sample Papers

                        Ebook image
                        14220+ downloads
                        Ebook image
                        4760+ downloads
                        Ebook image
                        3630+ downloads
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                        3590+ downloads
                        Ebook image
                        5075+ downloads

                        Colleges Accepting GPAT

                        Questions related to GPAT

                        Have a question related to GPAT ?

                        With a GPAT score of 30,011, you have a decent chance of securing admission to the M.Pharm in Regulatory Affairs at LJ Institute of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad. However, whether you can get a seat will depend on a few factors, including the cutoff scores for the program this year, the number of applicants, and the total available seats.

                        Typically, each college has its own admission criteria and previous years’ cutoffs, which can give you a better idea of your chances. It’s advisable to check the official LJ Institute of Pharmacy website or contact their admissions office directly for the most accurate information regarding seat availability and the admission process.

                        In addition, keep an eye on the counseling schedule and be ready to act quickly if seats become available. If you haven’t already, apply to multiple colleges to widen your options. Networking with current students or alumni can also provide insights into the admission process and their experiences.

                        Be proactive in your inquiries and prepare all necessary documents in advance, as this will help streamline your admission process. Good luck with your future studies in M.Pharm!

                        Hi Mahathi ,

                        Here's books that  cover various subjects of the GPAT exam like pharmacology , pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical chemistry :


                        1. GPAT : A Companion

                        by Nazma Inamdar

                        This book covers a wide range of  objective-type questions .

                        2. GPAT Cracker

                        by Dr. G. Vidya Sagar

                        It includes previous year GPAT questions and along with  the answers detailed explanations .

                        3. GPAT : Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test – A Complete Guide

                        by V. Praveen Rao

                        This guide covers a comprehensive collection of MCQs .

                        4. GPAT: The Ultimate GPAT Guide

                        by Sahab Dass

                        This book offers topic-wise explanations of  content along with a large number of practice questions to test your aptitude

                        5. Synopsis for GPAT

                        by Dhawan , Gupta and Sharma

                        It provides concise theory , important concepts  and objective type questions making it a good for revision tool format GPAT.

                        6. Pharmacology MCQs for GPAT

                        by KD Tripathi

                        KD Tripathi is well-known for his pharmacology textbooks and this book covers  objective  type questions focused on pharmacology.

                        7. Pharmaceutical Chemistry – A Book of Objective Questions

                        by Mohd. Ali

                        This book offers objective  type questions from different areas of pharmaceutical chemistry .

                        These books  definitely  help  you with practice , covering theory , PYQs and explanations to perform well in the GPAT exam .

                        ALL THE BEST

                        Hello aspirant,

                        M Pharma courses are available to applicants at a number of respected universities around the nation, including Annamalai University, JSS College of Pharmacy, Institute of Chemical Technology, and Jamia Hamdard University. In India, the typical course cost for a Master of Pharmacy is between INR 30,000 and INR 1.75 LPA. Students have a plethora of research opportunities to work as Research Associates, Research Assistants, Scientists, etc. after completing the M Pharma course.

                        Thank you

                        Hi there! Thanks for reaching out to us at Careers360. I'll do my best to help you out.

                        Wow, a 3745 rank in GPAT is pretty impressive - congrats on that! As for your chances at Andhra University in Visakhapatnam for M.Pharmacy, that's an interesting question.

                        Given that you're from the SVU region and have a solid GPAT rank, I'd say you've got a decent shot. But you know how these things can be - it really depends on the competition this year and the number of seats available.

                        Have you checked out Andhra University's website or contacted their admissions office? They might have more specific info on cut-offs from previous years, which could give you a better idea.

                        If you'd like, I can try to dig up some more details about their M.Pharmacy program and admission process. Just let me know if that would be helpful. And hey, don't stress too much - with that GPAT rank, I'm sure you'll land a good spot somewhere!

                        Is there anything else you'd like to know about Andhra University or other M.Pharmacy options in the region?

                        Hello,

                        For the GPAT (Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test) , the cutoff ranks for M.Pharm admissions at Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (SVU region) tend to vary each year depending on factors like the number of applicants, the difficulty of the exam, and the availability of seats.

                        However, based on previous years' trends, the cutoff ranks for the SVU region for M.Pharm at Andhra University have generally been:

                        • General Category : Ranks typically around 500 to 1000 .
                        • OBC Category : Ranks usually range around 1000 to 2000 .
                        • SC/ST Categories : Cutoff ranks can extend up to 5000 or higher .

                        These are just approximate ranges and could fluctuate from year to year. You can find this information in the AP-PGECET/GPAT counseling notifications or the official university notifications.

                        You can also refer to the following link for more details :-

                        https://pharmacy.careers360.com/articles/gpat-cutoff

                        Hope it helps !

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