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Get UpdatesThe National Board of Examinations (NBE) conducts the Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) entrance exam for admission to Master of Pharmacy ( MPharm ) courses. GPAT 2024 is conducted for admission to around 39,890 M.Pharm seats in more than 800 institutes across India.
New: GPAT 2024 registration starts; Direct link
Latest: GPAT Study Material 2024
Don't Miss: GPAT 2024 Syllabus
Also Check : Save up to ₹2000 on TOEFL, GRE & PTE
As per the latest update, the GPAT 2024 registration started on April 19 at natboard.edu.in. The last date to fill GPAT application form is May 8. The GPAT 2024 will be held on June 8. The NBE has released the GPAT 2024 application form along with the information brochure on the official website. The official bulletin of GPAT 2024 will include important dates related to the exam, as well as, the exam pattern, the GPAT registration process, fees and more. Graduates will have to fill out the GPAT application form 2024 within the dates to be provided by the NBEMS. Edits can be made in the application forms through the GPAT 2024 correction window for selected fields from May 11 to 14, 2024.
Aspirants who fill out the application form with valid details will be issued GPAT 2024 admit cards. The hall ticket of GPAT 2024 is a mandatory document that candidates will have to carry with them at the exam centre. Any candidate without an admit card and valid ID proof will not be permitted inside the GPAT 2024 exam centre. GPAT exam 2024 will be held in a single day & single shift from 2 P.M. to 5 P.M.
After the conclusion of the examination, authority will release the statistics mentioning the number of students appeared in GPAT 2024 and other details. The NBE will release the GPAT 2024 provisional answer key along with the question papers a few days after the exam. Candidates will be able to challenge the GPAT answer key released by the NBE by paying a sum of Rs 200 per challenged question.
Based on the challenges submitted by the candidates, the NBE will release the GPAT 2024 final answer key. The GPAT result 2024 will be announced on July 8 in the form of a scorecard and will mention the candidate's details, scores obtained (out of 500), percentile, cutoff, and other details. Candidates included in the result will need to secure GPAT cut-off marks as specified by NBE to qualify for the exam.
Aspirants who will qualify for the pharmacy exam will be called for GPAT 2024 counselling. The counselling for GPAT 2024 will be conducted by respective colleges. The qualified candidates will be required to register themselves in each college to participate in GPAT counselling 2024. The cut-offs to participate in GPAT 2024 counselling will be announced by colleges separately.
| Full Exam Name | Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test |
| Short Exam Name | GPAT |
| Conducting Body | National Testing Agency |
| Frequency of Conduct | Once a year |
| Exam Level | National Level Exam |
| Languages | English |
| Mode of Application | Online |
| Application Fee (General) | 2000 Rs [Online] |
| Mode of Exam | Online |
| Mode of Counselling | Online / Offline |
| Participating Colleges | 43 |
| Exam Duration | 3 Hours |
Upcoming Dates and Events
19 Apr, 2024 - 08 May, 2024
Application - Online submission of applications | Mode: Online Ongoing
11 May, 2024 - 14 May, 2024
Application Correction - Edit window for all payment success applications | Mode: Online
28 May, 2024 - 30 May, 2024
Application Correction - Final edit window to rectify deficient/incorrect images | Mode: Online
03 Jun, 2024
Admit Card | Mode: Online
08 Jun, 2024
Exam | Mode: Online
08 Jul, 2024
Result | Mode: Online
Applications for Admissions are open.
The eligibility criteria for GPAT 2024 mention the minimum requisites that a candidate has to fulfil in order to appear for GPAT. Candidates must meet the following eligibility criteria prescribed by the authorities:
Mode of Application : Online
Mode of Payment : Net Banking | Credit Card | Debit Card | Paytm | BHIM | Other
To fill the GPAT application form candidates had to first register and then enter their details related to academic, personal, communication address, qualifying examination, etc. Thereafter, scanned images of the photograph and signatures are uploaded.
Steps to fill GPAT Application Form
Step 1: Registration
Candidates must enter their personal and contact details, choose a password, and then submit them. A system-generated Application Number displays which must be noted down. This is used to complete the remaining details and steps in the GPAT application form 2024. It is also required for all future correspondence and subsequent logins
Step 2: Complete the GPAT Application Form
Candidates must login with their GPAT 2024 Application Number and Password to fill the remaining details in the application form.
Step 3: Upload Scanned Images of Candidate
The images as specified below must be uploaded. Both the photograph and signature should be in JPG/JPEG format. The size of the scanned photograph should be between 10 kb to 200 kb while that of the signature should be between 4 kb to 30 kb. The photograph should be coloured or black/white (but in clear contrast).
Imp: Facility for correction in images is not provided. So it is advisable to upload the images correctly
Step 4: Pay Examination Fee
Candidates have to deposit application fees either online or offline mode.
Payment Details:
Step 5: Print the Confirmation Page
After successful payment, candidates are able to print the confirmation page. This is to be kept safe for future reference.
In case the Confirmation Page is not generated after payment of the fee, candidates may note that the transaction may have been canceled and the amount is refunded to the candidate's account. In such a case, they may have to make another payment to successfully submit the GPAT application form.
| Category | Quota | Mode | Gender | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | Online | Male | ₹ 2000 | |
| General, ST, OBC, SC, EWS | Online | Female | ₹ 1000 | |
| OBC, SC, EWS, ST | Online | Transgender, Male | ₹ 1000 | |
| General, ST, OBC, SC, EWS | PWD | Online | Transgender, Female, Male | ₹ 1000 |
Composition and physical states of matter |
|---|
| Intermolecular forces and their impact on the state of the matter |
| Various physical properties of matter, dipole moment, dielectric constant, Van Der Waal's equation and critical phenomenon, liquefaction of gases, aerosols |
Colligative properties |
|---|
| The liquid state, vapour pressure, ideal, and real solutions |
| Raoult's law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular weight based on colligative properties |
Thermodynamics |
|---|
| First, second, and third law of thermodynamics |
| Thermochemical laws, isothermic, and adiabatic processes, reversible processes, work of expansion, heat content, enthalpy, heat capacity |
| Gibb's and Helmholtz equation, and chemical potential |
Refractive index |
|---|
| Refractive index, specific refractivity, molar refractivity, refractometers |
Solutions |
|---|
| Solubility, factors affecting solubility, solubility curves |
| Types of solutions, effect of co-solvency, pH and other factors on solubility |
| Solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, and solids in liquids, critical solution temperature, law of partitioning and its applications |
| Solute-solvent interactions |
| Expression of the concentration of pharmaceutical solutions and calculations |
| Molarity, molality, mole fraction, and percentage expressions |
Electrochemistry |
|---|
| Properties of electrolyte solutions, electrolysis |
| Faraday's law of electrolysis, electron transport, electrical cell, single electrode potential, concentration cells, half-cells and half-cell potential, types of half cells, sign convention, Nernst equation, salt bridge, electromotive series |
| Standard potential, SHE |
| Measuring the relative voltage of half cells, calculation of standard potential |
| Reference and indicator electrodes |
| Standard oxidation-reduction potential |
Ionic equilibrium |
|---|
| Theory of conductivity, equivalent conductance, mobility of ions, specific conductance |
Kinetics |
|---|
| Order of reactions, derivation, and internal form of rate laws, molarities of reaction, derivation of rate constants |
Matter, properties of matter |
|---|
| States of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heat and vapour pressure, sublimation-critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glasses state |
| Solid crystalline and amorphous polymorphism |
Micromeritics and powder rheology |
|---|
| Particle size and distribution, average particle size number and weight distribution, particle number, methods of determining particle size and volume, optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, determining surface areas, permeability, adsorption |
| Derived properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement densities, bulkiness and flow properties |
Surface and interfacial phenomenon |
|---|
| Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tension, spreading coefficient, adsorption and liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency |
| Absorption at solid interfaces, solid gas and solid-liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interfaces |
Viscosity and rheology |
|---|
| Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematics viscosity, effect of temperature, non-Newtonian systems, pseudo plastics, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy in formulations, determination of viscosity and thixotropy by capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometer |
| Application of theology in pharmacy |
Dispersion systems |
|---|
| Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids, application of colloids in pharmacy |
| Suspensions and emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended particles settling in suspension, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian movement, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles |
| Suspensions and emulsions: Significance of electrical properties in dispersions, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological considerations, emulsions: Types, theories, physical stability |
Complexation |
|---|
| Classification of complexes, methods of preparations, and analysis, applications |
Buffer |
|---|
| Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general |
| Buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparations, and stability, buffered isotonic solutions |
| Measurements of tonicity calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity |
Solubility |
|---|
| Miscibility: Influence of foreign substances, three component systems; dielectric constant and solubility, solubility of solids in liquids, ideal and non-ideal solutions, solvation and association in solutions, solubility of salts in water |
| Miscibility: Solubility of slightly soluble and weak electrolyte, calculating solubility of weak electrolytes as influenced by pH, influence of solvents on the solubility of drugs, combined effect of pH and solvents |
| Miscibility: Distribution of solutes between immiscible solvents, effect of ionic dissociation and molecular association on partition, extraction, preservatives action of weak acids in emulsions, drug action and distribution coefficient |
| Concepts of dissolution and diffusion |
General principles |
|---|
| A brief review of classification and sources of organic compounds, sp³, sp², sp hybridization, sigma and pi-bonds, bond lengths, bond angles, and bond energies along with their significance in reactions should be carried out |
| An overview of bond polarization, hydrogen bonds, inductive effects, resonance, and hyper conjugation be taken |
| Concept of homolytic and heterolytic bond fission, acidity, and basicity with different theories should be covered briefly |
| Ease of formation and order of stabilities of electron deficient, and electron rich species along with the reasons for the same should be covered |
| Relationships between energy content, stability, reactivity, and their importance in chemical reactions should be covered |
| Calculations for determining empirical and molecular formula should be covered |
Different classes of compounds |
|---|
| Alkanes (including cyclic compounds): IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Alkanes (including cyclic compounds): Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Alkenes (including cyclic compounds): IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Alkenes (including cyclic compounds): Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Alkynes (only open-chain compounds): IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Alkynes (only open-chain compounds): Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Aliphatic hydroxyl compounds: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Aliphatic hydroxyl compounds: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Alkyl halides: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Alkyl halides: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Aldehydes and ketones: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Aldehydes and ketones: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Carboxylic acids: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Carboxylic acids: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| All functional derivatives of carboxylic acids: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| All functional derivatives of carboxylic acids: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
Protection and deprotection of groups |
|---|
| Introduction to protection and deprotection of functional groups |
| Two examples each for amino, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups |
| The significance of these in syntheses should be explained |
Aromaticity and chemistry of aromatic compounds |
|---|
| Concept of aromaticity, Huckel's rule and its use in determining the aromatic/ non-aromatic character of a compound |
| A brief coverage of structure of benzene |
| Detailed coverage of electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions |
| Reactivity and orientation in these reactions |
| Reactivity and orientation in mono-and disubstituted benzenes |
| Benzyne mechanism |
Different aromatic classes of compounds |
|---|
| Aromatic hydrocarbons: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Aromatic hydrocarbons: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Phenolic compounds: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Phenolic compounds: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Aromatic and aliphatic amines: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Aromatic and aliphatic amines: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Diazonium salts: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Diazonium salts: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
| Aromatic nitro-compounds, aryl halides, and ethers: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations |
| Aromatic nitro-compounds, aryl halides, and ethers: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable) |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons |
|---|
| Syntheses and reactions with mechanisms of bi and tricyclic fused carbocyclic rings like naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene |
Carbonyl chemistry |
|---|
| Carbonyl chemistry involving group conversions and their reaction mechanisms along with stereochemistry wherever applicable |
| Wolff-Kishner reduction and Huang-Minlon modification |
| Reduction of aryl sulfonyl hydrazine/ hydrazones to alkanes |
| Bamford steven reaction |
| Dcc oxidation of alcohol |
| Michael addition/ 1,4-addition/ conjugate addition |
| Mannich condensation/ reaction |
| Robinson annulation |
| Stobbe condensation |
| Darzens glycidic ester synthesis |
| Beckmann rearrangement |
| Baeyer villiger rearrangement |
| Curtius, wolff, and lossen rearrangements |
| Willgerodt rearrangement |
| Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement |
| Methylene transfer reactions |
| Use of diazomethane and sulphur ylides in the same |
| Mono-and dialkylations in 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds |
| Formation and use of enol ethers, enol acetates, and enamines as protective groups and in regiospecific alkylations |
Heterocyclic chemistry |
|---|
| IUPAC nomenclature of heterocyclic rings (3-10 membered) containing O, S, and N atoms |
| Nomenclature of above rings containing mono-, di-, and multiple (same or different) heteroatoms should also be covered |
| Nomenclature of 2 and 3 fused rings containing mono-, di-, and multiple heteroatoms (same or different) should also be covered |
| Syntheses and reactions of three to six-membered rings in detail |
| Syntheses of five and six-membered rings containing mono-or any di-heteroatoms (O, S, and N) |
| Syntheses of quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, and benzimidazole, benzotriazole, and benzothiazole |
Bridged rings |
|---|
| Bridged ring systems and their nomenclature |
| C₈, C₉, C₁₁ bridged bicyclic alkanes |
| Chemistry of hexamine, morphan, biperiden, amantadine, diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane |
Kinetic and thermodynamic control |
|---|
| Kinetic and thermodynamic control of sulfonation, enolate anion formation and alkylation of enamine reactions |
Stereochemistry |
|---|
| Chirality and asymmetry (introduction of the same to S, P, and N) |
| Definition and classification (different types of isomerism's) |
| Enantiomers, diastereomers |
| Enantiomerism and diastereomerism |
| Meso compounds and their optical activity |
| Stereochemistry in acyclic compounds |
| Newman projection formulae and their significance |
| Conformational analysis of n-butane |
| Absolute and relative configuration |
| Assigning r and s configuration based on cahn ingold and prelog system |
| Racemic mixture-its definition and resolution |
| Definitions of terms stereoselective, stereospecific, enantiomeric excess and diastereomeric excess |
| Stereochemistry in cyclic systems |
| Conformations of cyclohexane |
| Cis-trans relationship in cyclohexane |
| Prediction of stability of different conformations of 1, 2- 1,3-, and 1,4-disubstituted cyclohexanes |
| Effect of multiple substitutions on the stability of cyclohexane conformations |
| Chair conformations of cis-, and trans-decalins, perhydrophenanthrenes, and a tetracyclic steroidal nucleus |
| An introduction to atropisomerism |
Carbohydrates |
|---|
| Definition and classification |
| D and L nomenclature in sugars |
| Different ways of drawing/ representing a sugar molecule (including cyclic structure), interconversion of these representations |
| Anomers and epimers |
| Mutarotation |
| Reactions of glucose |
| Chain extension and chain reduction of a sugar |
Amino acids and proteins |
|---|
| Definition and classification |
| D and l amino acids, natural, essential, and non-essential amino acids |
| Denaturation, Strecker, Gabriel phthalimide methods for the preparation of amino acids |
| Peptide bond and its formation |
| Two protective groups each, for -nh2 and -cooh functionalities during protein synthesis |
| Sequencing of a protein by chemical and enzymatic methods |
Pericyclic reactions |
|---|
| Concept of homo and lumo |
| Drawing of HOMO and LUMO of 1, 3-butadiene, allylic cation, radical and anion, and 1, 3, 5-hexatriene, Diel's-Alder and retro Diel's Alder reaction |
Pharmaceutical impurities |
|---|
| Impurities in pharmaceutical substances, sources, types, and effects of impurities |
| Limit tests for heavy metals like lead, iron, arsenic, mercury, and for chloride, and sulphate as per Indian pharmacopoeia (IP) |
Monographs |
|---|
| Monograph and its importance, various tests included in monographs as per IP a study of the following compounds with respect to their methods of preparation, assay, and pharmaceutical uses of sodium citrate, calcium carbonate |
| Copper sulphate, light and heavy kaolin, ammonium chloride, and ferrous gluconate |
Isotopes |
|---|
| Stable and radioactive, mode and rate of decay |
| Types and measurement of radioactivity |
| Radio pharmaceuticals and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications in pharmacy and medicine such as ¹²⁵I, ³²P, ⁵¹Cr, ⁶⁰Co, ⁵⁹Fe, ⁹⁹Tc-M |
| Radio contrast media, use of BaSO₄ in medicine |
Dentifrices, desensitizing agents, and anticaries agents |
|---|
Therapeutic classes of drugs |
|---|
| General anesthetics |
| Local anesthetics |
| Diagnostic agents |
| Coagulants, anticoagulants, and plasma expanders |
| Antiseptics, disinfectants, sterilants, and astringents |
| Purgatives, laxatives, and antidiarrhoeal agents |
Various classes of therapeutic agents |
|---|
| Antimalarials: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism) |
| Antimalarials: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antiamoebic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism) |
| Antiamoebic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Anthelmintic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Anthelmintic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antibacterial sulpha drugs (only): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antibacterial sulpha drugs (only): Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Quinolone antibacterials: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Quinolone antibacterials: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antimycobacterial drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antimycobacterial drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antifungal agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antifungal agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antiviral agents including HIV and anti-HIV drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules |
| Antiviral agents including HIV and anti-HIV drugs: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Thyroid and antithyroid drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Thyroid and antithyroid drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antiallergic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antiallergic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antiulcer agents and proton pump inhibitor: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antiulcer agents and proton pump inhibitor: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Hypoglycemic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Hypoglycemic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
Different classes of therapeutic drugs |
|---|
| Sedative-hypnotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Sedative-hypnotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antiepileptic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antiepileptic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Neuroleptics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Neuroleptics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Anti-anxiety drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Anti-anxiety drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Penicillins, cephalosporins and other beta-lactam antibiotics like imipenem and aztreonam: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Penicillins, cephalosporins and other beta-lactam antibiotics like imipenem and aztreonam: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Chloramphenicol: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Chloramphenicol: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Tetracyclines: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Tetracyclines: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Macrolide antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Macrolide antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Lincomycins: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Lincomycins: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Polypeptide antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Polypeptide antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Anticancer antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Anticancer antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Steroids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Corticosteroids (gluco- and mineralocorticoids) and anti-inflammatory steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Corticosteroids (gluco- and mineralocorticoids) and anti-inflammatory steroids: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Sex steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Sex steroids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Male and female contraceptive agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Male and female contraceptive agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Anabolic steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Anabolic steroids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Anticancer agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Anticancer agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Narcotic (centrally acting) analgesics (analgetics): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Narcotic (centrally acting) analgesics (analgetics): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Morphine and all its structural modifications (peripheral and nuclear): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Morphine and all its structural modifications (peripheral and nuclear): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Narcotic agonists and antagonists (dual and pure): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Narcotic agonists and antagonists (dual and pure): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Non-narcotic analgesics (NSAIDS): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules |
| Non-narcotic analgesics (NSAIDS): Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Difference between narcotic and non-narcotic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Difference between narcotic and non-narcotic agents: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Adrenergic drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Adrenergic drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Neurotransmitters and their role: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Neurotransmitters and their role: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| General and specific adrenergic agonists and antagonists (up to alpha-2 and beta-2 only): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| General and specific adrenergic agonists and antagonists (up to alpha-2 and beta-2 only): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Cholinergic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Cholinergic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic agonists and antagonists (up to M2 and N2): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic agonists and antagonists (up to M2 and N2): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Neuronal (transmission) blockers: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Neuronal (transmission) blockers: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules |
| Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules |
| Drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Central and peripheral muscle relaxants: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules |
| Central and peripheral muscle relaxants: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Hypertensive, antihypertensive, and antianginal agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable |
| Hypertensive, antihypertensive, and antianginal agents: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Diuretics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Diuretics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Eicosanoids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism |
| Eicosanoids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules |
| Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable |
| Their biochemical role, biosynthesis, and inhibitor |
Introduction to quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) |
|---|
| Linear free energy relationship |
| Hammett's equation |
| Use of substituent constants such as π, σ, Es, and physicochemical parameters such as pKa, partition coefficient, Rm, chemical shifts, molar refractivity |
| Simple and valance molecular connectivity to indicate electronic effects, lipophilic effects, and steric effects |
| Introduction, methodology, advantages and disadvantages/ limitations of Hansch analysis |
Asymmetric synthesis |
|---|
| Chirality, chiral pool, sources of various naturally available chiral compounds |
| Eutomers, distomers, eudismic ratio |
| Enantioselectivity and enantiospecificity |
| Enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess |
| Prochiral molecules |
| Asymmetric synthesis of captopril and propranolol |
Combinatorial chemistry |
|---|
| Introduction and basic terminology |
| Databases and libraries |
| Solid phase synthesis technique |
| Types of supports and linkers, wang, rink, and dihydropyran derivatized linkers |
| Reactions involving these linkers |
| Manual parallel and automated parallel synthesis |
| Houghton's tea bag method, micromanipulation, recursive deconvolution |
| Mix and split method for the synthesis of tripeptides |
| Limitations of combinatorial synthesis |
| Introduction to throughput screening |
Pharmacy profession and introduction to pharmaceuticals |
|---|
| Pharmacy as a career, evaluation of pharmacy, earlier period middle to modern ages |
| Definition, importance of pharmaceuticals, areas concerned, scope of pharmaceutics, history and development of the profession of pharmacy, and pharmaceutical industry in India |
| A brief review of present Indian pharmacy |
| Industry in global perspective |
Introduction to dosage form |
|---|
| Definition of the drug |
| New drug and dosage form |
| The desirable properties of a dosage form, the need of dosage form |
| Ideas about the available type of dosage forms and new drug delivery system |
Sources of drug information |
|---|
| Introduction to pharmacopoeia with reference to IP, BP, USP, and international pharmacopeia |
| Study of structure/ features (index) general notice and compartment of monographs of excipients, drug and drug product |
| Other sources |
| Textbooks, journals, internet (drug information system, online database, patient/ consumer information and non-print material |
| Classification of information, primary, secondary, and tertiary |
| Nomenclature of the drug |
Allopathic dosage form |
|---|
| Merits/ demerits, importance, formulation development-vehicles/ excipients with examples for the dosage form: Liquid dosage form-monophasic liquid dosage form |
| Aromatic waters, syrup, elixir, linctus, lotion, liniment, glycerites, solutions, spirits, ENT preparations, mixtures, paints, mouthwash |
Crude extract |
|---|
| Infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, tincture, and extract |
| Methods of preparations of dry, soft, and liquid extract |
Allergenic extract |
|---|
| Types of allergens, preparation of extract, testing, and standardization of extracts |
Biological products |
|---|
| Absorbable and non-absorbable material types, sutures, and ligatures, processing, manufacturing, sterilization, packing, QC tests of materials like catgut and nylon |
Pharmaceutical plant, location, layout |
|---|
| Plant location and layout of an industry |
| Various factors affecting locational aspects of chemical and pharmaceutical plants |
| The layout of plant building and importance of flow sheet, the difference between scientific process and technological process, the layout of various departments, equipment, and product layout v/s process layout |
Dosage form necessities and additives |
|---|
| Antioxidants, preservatives, coloring agents, flavoring agents, and diluting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, ointment bases, solvents, and others |
Powders |
|---|
| Advantages and limitations as dosage form, manufacturing procedure and equipment, special care and problems in manufacturing powders, powders of IP, effervescent granules and salts |
Capsules |
|---|
| Hard gelatin capsules, shell formulation, and manufacturing, capsule sizes, storage, filing, cleaning process general formulation contents and evaluation |
| Soft gelatin capsules, shell formulation, formulation contents, filing, sealing, and storage |
| Microencapsulation, advantages, encapsulation materials, methods of microencapsulation, IP formulations |
Tablets |
|---|
| Types, ideal requirement, classification, granulation methods, general formulation, compression machines, different types of tooling's, difficulties in tableting, troubleshooting aspects, evaluation, sugar coating, compression coating, film coating |
| Problems in tablet coatings and their troubleshooting aspects |
| Ip formulations |
Parenterals-product requiring sterile packaging |
|---|
| Definition, types advantages and limitations, general formulation, vehicles, production procedure, production facilities, controls, tests, selected IP injections, sterile powders, implants, emulsions, suspensions |
Suspensions |
|---|
| Formulation of deflocculated and flocculated suspension, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP suspensions |
Emulsions |
|---|
| Types, emulsifying agents, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP emulsions |
Suppositories |
|---|
| Ideal requirements, bases, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products |
Semisolids |
|---|
| Definitions, bases, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products |
Liquids (solutions, syrups, elixirs, spirits, aromatic water, liquid for external uses) |
|---|
| Definition, types, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products |
Pharmaceutical aerosols |
|---|
| Definition, propellants, general formulation, manufacturing and packaging methods, pharmaceutical applications |
| Impacts of propellants on the environment |
Ophthalmic preparations |
|---|
| Requirement, formulation, methods of preparation, containers, evaluation, IP products |
Preformulations |
|---|
| Consideration of Importance, physical properties, physical forms, particle size, crystal forms, bulk control, solubility, wetting, flow cohesiveness, compressibility |
| Organoleptic properties and its effect on final product consideration of chemical properties, hydrolysis, oxidation, recemization, polymerization, isomerization, decarboxylation, enzymatic decomposition, formulation additives, stabilizers |
| Suspending and dispersing agents dyes, solid excipients etc and its effect on quality of finished product |
Stability of formulated products |
|---|
| Requirements, drug regulatory aspects, pharmaceutical products stability, shelf life, overages, containers, closures |
| Reaction rate and order, acid-base catalysis, destabilization, and accelerated stability testing |
Prolonged action pharmaceuticals |
|---|
| Benefits, limitations, oral products, terminology, drug elimination rate, types and construction of implants products, product evaluation, parenteral products, absorption and evaluation |
Novel drug delivery system |
|---|
| Critical fluid technology, transdermal drug delivery system, controlled drug delivery system, multiple emulsion, nanoparticles, targeted drug delivery system, aerosols, inhalation and new products reported etc |
GMP and validation |
|---|
| Introduction to GMP, QC, and QA |
| Concept and need of good manufacturing practice guidelines |
| Elements of GMP covering controls of area and processes, and product |
| Regulations related to gmp |
| Introduction of the validation process |
| Types of validation |
| The brief methodology of process, equipment, and instrument validation |
Packaging materials |
|---|
| Role and features of pharmaceutical packing materials |
| Glass, plastic, rubber, metal, and paper as pharmaceutical packaging material |
| General quality control of pharmaceutical packages |
| Primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging materials |
| Child resistant and pilfer-proof packaging |
Cosmetics |
|---|
| Formulation and preparation of dentifrices, hair creams, lipsticks, face powders, shaving preparations, skin creams, shampoos, hair dyes, depilatories, manicure preparations etc |
Pilot plant scale-up techniques |
|---|
| Need, organization, and layout, scale-up techniques for solid and liquid dosage forms |
| Technology transfer |
General pharmacology |
|---|
| Introduction to pharmacology-definition, scope, and source of drugs, dosage forms and routes of drug administration |
| Pharmacy codynamics-mechanism of drug action, receptors, classification, and drug-receptor interactions, combined effects of drugs, factors modifying drug actions |
| Pharmacokinetics-mechanism and principle of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs |
| Principles of basic and clinical pharmacokinetics |
| Pharmacogenetics |
| Adverse drug reactions |
| Discovery and development of new drugs-preclinical and clinical studies |
Nerohumoral transmission in autonomic and central nervous system |
|---|
| Neurohumoral transmission (Autonomic and somatic) |
| Neurohumoral transmission in the c.n.s with special emphasis on pharmacology of various neurotransmitters |
| Nitric oxide: Biosynthesis of nitric oxide and its physiological role |
| Therapeutic use of nitric oxide and nitric oxide donors |
| Clinical condition in which nitric oxide may play a part |
| Peptides and proteins as mediators: General principal of peptide pharmacology biosynthesis and regulation of peptides peptide antagonists. Protein and peptide as drugs |
Pharmacology of peripheral nervous system |
|---|
| Parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, sympathomimetics, sympatholytics, ganglionic stimulants and blockers |
| Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral) |
| Local anesthetic agents |
| Drugs used in myasthenia gravis |
Pharmacology of central nervous system |
|---|
| General anesthetics |
| Alcohols and disulfiram |
| Sedatives, hypnotics, and centrally acting muscle relaxants, psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety agents, anti-manics, and hallucinogens |
| Anti-epileptic drugs |
| Anti-parkinsonism drugs |
| Nootropics |
| Narcotic analgesics, drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance, and dependence |
Pharmacology of cardiovascular system |
|---|
| Introduction of hemodynamics and electrophysiology of heart |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs, anti-anginal agents, anti-arrhythmic drugs |
| Drugs used in congestive heart failure |
| Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs |
| Drugs used in the therapy of shock |
| Haematinics, anticoagulants, and haemostatic agents |
| Fibrinolytics and antiplatelet drugs |
| Blood and plasma volume expanders |
Drugs acting on urinary system |
|---|
| Diuretics and anti-diuretics |
Drugs acting on respiratory system |
|---|
| Anti-asthmatic drugs, mucolytics and nasal decongestants, anti-tussives, and expectorants |
| Respiratory stimulants |
Pharmacology of endocrine system |
|---|
| Basic concepts in endocrine pharmacology |
| Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones |
| Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs, parathormone, calcitonin, and vitamin-D |
| Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and glucagon |
| Acth and corticosteroids |
| Androgens and anabolic steroids |
| Estrogens, progesterone, and oral contraceptives |
| Drugs acting on the uterus |
Chemotherapy |
|---|
| General principles of chemotherapy |
| Sulphonamides and co-trimoxazole |
| Antibiotics-penicillins, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, macrolides, quinolones, and fluoroquinolons |
| Tetracyclines |
| Aminoglycosides and miscellaneous antibiotics |
| Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, AIDS, protozoal diseases, worm infections, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases |
| Chemotherapy of malignancy |
Autacoids and their antagonists |
|---|
| Histamine, 5-HT and their agonsists, and antagonists |
| Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes |
| pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, angiotensin, bradykinin and substance P., analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-gout drugs |
Pharmacology of drug acting on the gastrointestinal tract |
|---|
| Antacids, anti-secretary, and antiulcer drugs |
| Laxatives and antidiarrheal drugs |
| Appetite stimulants and suppressants |
| Digestants and carminatives |
| Emetics and anti-emetics |
Chronopharmacology |
|---|
| Definition of rhythm and cycles |
| Biological clocks and their significance leading to chronotherapy |
Immnopharmacology |
|---|
| Immunostimulants and immunosuppressants |
Vitamins and minerals |
|---|
| Vitamin deficiency diseases and their management |
| Role of minerals in health and diseases |
Principles of toxicology |
|---|
| Definition of poison |
| General principles of treatment of poisoning |
| Treatment of poisoning due to heavy metals, insecticides, opioids, and other addict forming drugs |
| Study of acute, sub acute, and chronic toxicity as per OECD guidelines (guidelines 420, 423, 425, 407, 408, 451/ 452; only names and significance, detailed procedures and minute details are not expected) |
Introductory pharmacognosy |
|---|
| Historical development, modern concept, and scope of pharmacognosy |
| The significance of pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine practiced in India Viz: Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathic and Siddha |
Classification of crude drugs |
|---|
| Based on alphabetical, morphological, pharmacological, chemical, taxonomical, and chemotaxonomic methods: Organized and unorganized drugs-official and unofficial drugs |
| Plants, animals, and minerals: Marine products-plant tissue culture |
Factors influencing quality of crude drugs |
|---|
| Exogenous factors: Temperature, rainfall, daylight, altitude, and soil |
| Endogenous factors: Mutation, polyploidy, and hybridization in medicinal plants |
| Production factors including collection, drying, storage, and transport methods |
| Study of morphological and histological characters of crude drugs, ergastic cell inclusions, anatomical structures of both monocot and dicot stems, leaves and roots: Barks, fruits, and seeds |
Techniques in microscopy |
|---|
| Details of mountants, clearing agents, chemomicroscopic (microchemical) reagents |
Introduction to phytoconstituents |
|---|
| Definition, classification, chemical tests, and pharmaceutical importance of: Carbohydrates and their derivatives, fats and proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, resins, lipids and volatile oils |
Principles of plant classification |
|---|
| Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important plants with special reference to: Algae-rhodophyceae (agar, alginic acid, diatoms). Fungi-ergot, yeast, and penicillium. Gymnosperm-pinaceae (turpentine, colophony), gnetaceae (ephedra) |
| Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important plants with special reference to: Angiosperm-apocynaceae, asteraceae, lamiaceae, rubiaceae, rutaceae, solanaceae, scrophulariaceae, leguminosae, papaveraceae, acanthaceae and apiaceae |
| Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important plants with special reference to: Pteridophytes-male fern |
Pharmaceutical aids |
|---|
| Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Starches, acacia gum, tragacanth, sterculia, guar gum, pectin, arachis oil, castor oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, cotton, silk, wool, regenerated fibers, asbestos, kaolin |
| Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Prepared chalk, kieselguhr |
Animal products |
|---|
| Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Shellac, cochineal, cantharides, woolfat, lard, beeswax, honey, musk, lanolin, gelatin |
Plant products |
|---|
| Introduction to plant bitters, sweeteners, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and photosensitizing agents |
Toxic drugs |
|---|
| Study of allergens, hallucinogens, narcotics |
Enzymes |
|---|
| Biological sources, preparation, characters, and uses of: Diastase, papain bromelain, ficin, yeast, pancreatin, urokinase, pepsin, trypsin, penicillinase, hyaluronidase and streptokinase |
Natural pesticides and insecticides |
|---|
| Introduction to herbicides, fungicides, fumigants and rodenticides tobacco, pyrethrum, and neem |
Adulteration and evaluation of crude drugs |
|---|
| Different methods of adulteration: Evaluation of drugs by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods |
| Deterioration of herbal drugs by insects |
Quantitative microscopy |
|---|
| Definition and determination of stomatal index, stomatal number, palisade ratio, vein islet number, vein termination number, lycopodium spore method |
| Micrometers and measurement of microscopic characters |
Biogenetic pathways |
|---|
| Formation of primary and secondary metabolites |
| Study of Calvin cycle, TCA cycle, shikimic acid pathway, Embden-Mayerhoff pathway, acetate hypothesis, isoprenoid pathway |
| Biosynthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and volatile oils |
Carbohydrates and lipids |
|---|
| Biological sources, salient morphological features, chemical constituents, and uses of: Plantago, bael, chaulmoogra oil, neem oil, shark liver oil, cod liver oil, guggul lipids |
Tannins |
|---|
| Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, chemical test, and uses of: Pale catechu, black catechu, nutgalls, terminalia belerica, terminalia chebula, terminalia arjuna |
Volatile oils |
|---|
| Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Black pepper, turpentine, mentha, coriander, cardamom, cinnamon, cassia, lemon peel, orange peel, lemongrass, citronella, cumin, caraway, dill, spearmint, clove, anise |
| Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Star anise, fennel, nutmeg, eucalyptus, chenopodium, ajowan, sandalwood |
Resinous drugs |
|---|
| Classification, formation, sources, chemical constituents, identification test, adulterants, and uses of: Benzoin, peru balsam, tolu balsam, colophony, myrrh, asafoetida, jalap, colocynth, ginger, turmeric, capsicum, cannabis, podophyllum |
Glycosides |
|---|
| Nature and classification |
| Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Digitalis, strophanthus, squill, thevetia, oleander, cascara, aloe, rhubarb, senna, quassia, dioscorea, quillaia, glycyrrhiza, ginseng, gentian, wild cherry, withania |
| Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Bitter almond |
| Biosynthesis of cardiac and anthraquinone glycosides |
Alkaloids |
|---|
| Nature, classification, biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Areca nut, belladonna, hyoscymous, stramonium, duboisea, coca, coffee, tea, cinchona, opium, ipecac, nux vomica, ergot, rauwolfia, vinca, kurchi |
| Nature, classification, biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Ephedra, colchicum, vasaca, pilocarpus, aconite, solanum xanthocarpum |
| Biosynthesis of tropane, cinchona, and opium alkaloids |
Extraction and isolation techniques |
|---|
| General methods used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of alkaloids, lipids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, volatile oils and resins |
| Application of column, paper, and thin layer chromatographic techniques, for the isolation of phytopharmaceuticals |
Phytopharmaceuticals |
|---|
| Isolation, identification, and estimation of: Caffeine, eugenol, digoxin, piperine, tannic acid, diosgenin, hesperidin, berberine, calcium sennosides, rutin, glycyrrhizin, menthol, ephedrine, quinine, andrographolides and guggul lipids |
Quality control and standardization of herbal drugs |
|---|
| Quality control of herbal drugs as per WHO, AYUSH, and pharmacopoeial guidelines-extractive values, ash values, chromatographic techniques (TLC, HPTLC, and HPLC) for determination of chromatographic markers |
| Determination of heavy metals, insecticides, pesticides, and microbial load in herbal preparations |
Herbal formulations |
|---|
| Principals involved in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Chinese and Homeopathic systems of medicines |
| Preparation of ayurvedic formulations like aristas, asava, ghutika, tailia, churna, avaleha, ghrita, and bhasmas: Unani formulations like majooms, safoofs |
| Determination of alcohol contents in arishtas and asavas |
Worldwide trade of crude drugs and volatile oils |
|---|
| Study of drugs having high commercial value and their regulations pertaining to trade |
Herbal cosmetics |
|---|
| Importance of herbals as shampoos (soapnut), conditioners, and hair darkeners, (amla, henna, hibiscus, tea), skin care (aloe, turmeric, lemon peel, vetiver) |
Traditional herbal drugs |
|---|
| Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological, and clinical uses of: Punarnava (boerhaviadiffusa), shankhpushpi (convolvulus microphylla), lehsun (allium sativum), guggul (commiphora mukul) |
| Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological, and clinical uses of: Kalmegh (andrographis peniculata), tulsi (ocimum sanctum), valerian (valerian officinalis), artemisia (artemisia annua) |
| Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological, and clinical uses of: Chirata (swertia chirata), Ashoka (saraca indica) |
Plants based industries and research institutes in India |
|---|
| Knowledge about the herbal products being manufactured by premier herbal industries and thrust area of the institutes involved in plant research |
Patents |
|---|
| Indian and International patent laws, proposed amendments as applicable to herbal/ natural products and processes: Intellectual property rights with special reference to phytoconstituents |
Ayurvedic system of medicine |
|---|
| Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, various branches of treatment in ayurveda, types of the drug formulation in Ayurveda and important Ayurvedic drugs and their uses, formulation of asavas, arishtas, watika, churna, tailas, ghruta, lep |
Homeopathic system of medicine |
|---|
| Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, treatment, source of homeopathic medicines and important homeopathic drugs, and their uses |
Importance of quality control in pharmacy |
|---|
Acid-base titrations |
|---|
| Definitions of acids and bases according to Arrhenius, and Lewis theory |
| Definitions of normality, molarity, molality, and equivalent weight |
| Primary and secondary standards with examples, and differences between them |
| Standardization of strong acids and bases using primary, and secondary standards |
| Preparation of standard solutions of and calculations of equivalent weights of oxalic acid, potassium acid phthalate, calcium chloride dehydrate, and sodium carbonate |
| Calculation of factors involved in standardization of sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and oxalic acid |
| Direct, back, and differential titrations |
| Application of direct and back titrations to preparations like boric acid, and borax in a mixture, ammoniated mercury, milk of magnesia, and zinc oxide ointment |
| Law of mass action, acid-base equilibria, pH scale, pH and hydronium ion concentrations in aqueous systems, calculations of pH for weak acids and weak bases |
| Use and applications of ph meter |
| Hydrolysis of salts |
| Strengths of acids and bases, dissociation constant |
| Theory of acid-base indicators |
| Neutralization (titration) curves |
| Definition, different types of buffers (chemical and biological), and their composition |
| Buffer capacity, buffered isotonic solutions |
| Calculations involving preparation of various buffer capacity solutions |
| Biological and pharmaceutical applications of buffers |
Non-aqueous titrations |
|---|
| Acid-base definitions according to Lowry-Bronsted, Lewis and Arrhenius concept |
| Factors affecting strengths of acids and bases |
| Intrinsic structure and surrounding environment |
| Protophilic, protogenic, amphiprotic, and aprotic solvents |
| Acid-base equilibria in non-aqueous media |
| Titrants and indicators used for the assay of acidic, and basic substances |
| Preparation of perchloric acid, formation of onium ion |
| Assay of 1⁰, 2⁰, 3⁰ amines and amine hydrochlorides using perchloric acid, and the reactions involved in it |
| Standardization of sodium ethoxide solution |
| Assay of phenols and phenobarbitone |
| General applications of non-aqueous titrations |
Oxidation-reduction titrations |
|---|
| Definition of oxidation, reduction, oxidizing, and reducing agent |
| Equivalent weight, the concept of half reactions. Systematic balancing of half reactions with respect to: a) Oxalic acid-KMnO₄, b) FeSO₄-ceric nitrate, c) I2-sodium thiosulphate solution titrations |
| Calculation of equivalent weight of oxalic acid, KMnO₄, FeSO₄, permanganate and I2 from half-reactions |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (a) Redox titrations-KMnO₄ as a self indicator, it's preparation, standardization, and use in the assay of ferrous gluconate tablets, H₂O₂, and NaNO₂ solution |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (b) Iodimetric and iodometric titrations. Definitions and difference between iodimetry and iodometry. Preparation, standardization of iodine solution. Assay of ascorbic acid and sulphur ointment by iodimetry |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (b) Assay of copper sulphate and ferric chloride by iodometry |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (c) Bromometric titrations |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (d) Iodate titrations. Definition. Preparation, standardization and use of KIO₃ in the assay of ascorbic acid and KI |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (e) Cerimetric titrations. Preparation, standardization and use of ceric solutions in the assay of paracetamol tablets. Its advantages over permanganate solutions |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (f) Bromine titrations. Preparation, standardization and use of bromine solution in the assay of phenol and isoniazid tablets |
| Calculation of factors for titrations: (g) Potassium dichromate titrations. Preparation, standardization and use of potassium dichromate solution in the assay of ferrous ammonium sulphate |
Precipitation titrations |
|---|
| The principle of solubility product and sparingly soluble salts |
| Titrants and indicators used in Mohr's, Volhard's, and Fajan's methods |
| Preparation and standardization of silver nitrate, and ammonium thiocyanate solutions |
| Assay of sodium chloride by Mohr's method, use of nitrobenzene in the assay of halides, ammonium chloride, and thiourea by Volhard's method |
| Calculation of factors in argentometric titrations |
| Titration curve method |
| General applications of precipitation titrations |
Complexometric titrations |
|---|
| Difference between double salts and coordinate compounds |
| Definitions of coordination number of metal ions, ligands-uni-, bi-, and multidentate |
| Complexing, chelating, and sequestering agents with respective examples |
| Structure of complexes of platinum with ammonia |
| Ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) as a multidentate ligand in complexometry |
| Coordinate compounds of EDTA with bi-, tri-, and tetravalent metal ions |
| Stability of complexes and factors affecting it, use of buffers in EDTA titrations |
| Selective analysis of ions based on pH adjustments, use of masking, and demasking agents, pM or metal ion indicators |
| Standardization of EDTA solution, titration curves, and examples of assays carried out by direct and back titrations and by replacement of one complex by the other |
| Applications of complexometry in the assays of calcium gluconate, milk of magnesia, zinc undecenoate ointment, and aluminium hydroxide gel |
| Assay of naf by indirect titration |
Gravimetry |
|---|
| Principles of gravimetry |
| Factors affecting precipitation, formation, and properties of the precipitate |
| Colloidal state |
| Impurities in the precipitate, conditions of precipitation |
| Precipitation from homogenous solutions, washing, drying, and ignition of the precipitate |
| Experimental techniques of drying and ignition |
| Applications of gravimetry in pharmacy |
Extraction techniques |
|---|
| Liquid-liquid extraction, separation of mixtures by extraction |
| Distribution law |
| Successive and multiple extraction (Craig method), continuous counter-current extraction |
| Effect of temperature and ph on extraction |
| Inert solute, associate ion pair formation, emulsion problem in extractions |
| Applications in pharmacy |
Potentiometry |
|---|
| Theory, ion-selective electrodes, measurement of potential, red-ox titration curve, pH measurement, the relation of pH to potential |
| Applications in pharmacy |
Miscellaneous methods of analysis |
|---|
| Diazotization titrations |
| Kjeldahl nitrogen estimation |
| Karl Fischer titrations |
| Liquid gelenicals |
| Oxygen flask determination of alcohol content in liquid gelenicals |
| Oxygen flask combustion method |
Calibration |
|---|
| Calibration of instruments |
General principles of spectroscopy |
|---|
| Wave-particle duality, wave properties, particulate properties |
| Line and band spectrum |
| Electromagnetic spectrum |
| Absorption and emission spectroscopy |
| Understanding of terms such as absorbance, transmittance, absorptivities, molar absorptivity, E 1cm 1%, λmax, the effect of solvent and pH on λmax |
Ultraviolet-visible spectrometry |
|---|
| Different electronic transitions |
| Auxochromes and their effects, auxochromic, bathochromic, and hypsochromic shifts (red and blue shifts) |
| Beer-Lambert law, its derivation, deviations in Beer's law |
| Single and double beam spectrophotometers covering sources of radiations, different monochromators, detectors such as barrier cell, photocell, photomultiplier tube |
| Photodiode array detector |
| Applications of this technique in qualitative and quantitative estimations giving emphasis on problem-solving |
| Fieser-woodward rules for calculations of theoretical λmax values |
Spectrofluorimetry |
|---|
| Principle, definitions, and types of luminescence |
| Mechanism of fluorescence and phosphorescence |
| Singlet and triplet states, and intersystem crossing |
| Fluorescence yield and factors affecting it |
| Quenching of fluorescence and fluorescence quenchers |
| Structure and fluorescence |
| A brief discussion of instrumentation |
| Applications of fluorimetry in pharmacy |
Flame photometry and atomic absorption spectrometry |
|---|
| Principle and instrumentation with emphasis on working, and importance of different components |
| Temperature, flame absorption, and emission profiles |
| Interferences and their avoidance |
| Quantitative estimations and applications |
Infrared spectrometry |
|---|
| Infrared region in em spectrum |
| The principle, different stretching and bending vibrations |
| Components (and their working) of a dispersive instrument |
| Fourier transform (FT) technique, FT instruments and their comparison with dispersive instruments |
| Sample handling techniques |
| Functional group and fingerprint regions in the spectrum |
| Functional groups identification and their use in the characterization of compounds |
| Problems based on the identification of functional groups from spectra of unknown compounds |
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry |
|---|
| The principle involved in the technique |
| Knowledge about fundamental terms involved such as quantized absorption, flipping of nucleus, spin number, magnetic moment, magnetogyric ratio, relaxation, etc |
| Equations relating these terms to the frequency of radiation and magnetic field (without derivation of the equations) |
| Types of relaxation processes |
| Low and high-resolution instruments |
| A brief discussion on the low-resolution instrumentation (60 MHz) |
| Quantitative knowledge of the relationship between MHz and magnetic field |
| An introduction to superconductivity magnets |
| Solvents and reference standards used |
| Setting up of NMR scale |
| Sample preparation |
| Shielding and deshielding of a proton, and its effect on chemical shifts |
| Discussion on and importance of equivalent and non equivalent protons (number of signals), chemical shifts (position of signal) and their calculation from the spectrum, chemical shifts of different H's, splitting (multiplicity) of a signal |
| Coupling constants (J values), integration (area under the signal) |
| Importance of these terms in identification (or confirmation) of different functional groups |
| Significance and contribution of j value in stereochemistry |
| Prediction (expected theoretical values) of chemical shifts and multiplicities for all protons from simple structures containing up to 12-15 carbons |
| An introduction to ft-technique and its significance in 13c-nmr spectrometry |
Mass spectrometry |
|---|
| Principle |
| Low and high-resolution instruments |
| Components and importance of each in brief |
| Different types of mass spectrometric techniques |
| Brief knowledge of chemical ionization mass spectrometry |
| Calculations of hydrogen deficiency index (HDI) or unsaturation index (UI) |
| Base or parent peak, molecular ion, M + 1, M + 2 peaks |
| Calculations of molecular weight based on m +1 and m + 2 peaks |
| Formation of molecular ion and further fragmentation |
| Rearrangements in mass spectrometry |
| Major modes of fragmentations of hydrocarbons, hydroxyl compounds, halogen compounds, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines |
| Introduction (only) to recent advances in MS |
Polarography |
|---|
| Principle and instrumentation |
| IIkovich equation (no derivation) and its importance |
| Dropping mercury electrode (DME), saturated calomel electrode |
| Liquid-liquid junction potential, polarographic cell |
| Explanation of origin of the S-shaped C-V curve |
| Applications of this technique |
| Amperometric titrations, principles, instrumentation, and applications |
Nephelometry and turbidimetry |
|---|
| Principles, Tyndall effect |
| Duboscq turbidimeter |
| Eel's nephelometer |
| Applications |
Chromatography |
|---|
| Principle, rate and plate theory, Van Deemter equation and the parameters affecting separation/ band broadening |
| Classification of chromatography, retention factor |
| A detailed study of thin layer chromatography (TLC), preparative TLC, paper chromatography (PC), column chromatography, gas chromatography (GC/ GLC) |
| Qualitative and quantitative applications of the above techniques |
| An introduction to high performance TLC (HPTLC), comparison of TLC, and HPTLC |
| brief introduction to high pressure/ performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) |
Miscellaneous |
|---|
| An introduction to electrophoresis |
| An introduction to lasers and masers |
| Statistical treatment to experimental data |
| Sampling techniques and applications in pharmaceutical industry |
Cell |
|---|
| Revision of ultra structure of the cell, functions of various cellular constituents |
| Applications of biochemical principles to the pharmacy |
Carbohydrates |
|---|
| Types of carbohydrates, their functions, digestion, and absorption |
| Aerobic and anaerobic oxidation with energetics |
| Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis |
| Hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP shunt) |
| Diseases associated with carbohydrate metabolism |
Proteins |
|---|
| Different types of proteins |
| Their functions, digestion, and absorption |
| Denaturation and its effect on biological activity |
| Renaturation of proteins |
| Urea formation, urea cycle, creatinine formation |
| Transamination and deamination |
| Proteins as enzymes |
Lipids |
|---|
| Different types of lipids |
| Their functions, digestion, absorption, and metabolism |
| Beta-oxidation of fatty acids with energetics |
| Biosynthesis of cholesterol (from acetate), adrenocorticoids, androgens, progesterone, estrogens, and bile acids/ salts |
| Ketone bodies, their formation, and biochemical significance |
| Diseases associated with lipid metabolism |
Vitamins |
|---|
| Definition |
| Classification, structures (except B12) biochemical role, sources, daily requirements, and deficiency symptoms |
| Vitamins as cofactors in biochemical reactions |
Biological oxidations and reductions |
|---|
| Oxidation-reduction systems in the body their role |
| Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain |
| Cytochromes and inhibitors of the same |
Enzymes |
|---|
| Classification and their various roles |
| Enzyme cofactors |
| Enzyme kinetics |
| Michaelis-Menten equation along with its transformations |
| Double reciprocal plot |
| Factors affecting enzyme action |
| Enzyme inhibition, competitive and non-competitive, and kinetics |
Nucleic acids |
|---|
| Different types of nucleic acids (NAs) and their composition |
| Purine and pyrimidine bases, sugars, and phosphoric acid |
| Nucleosides and nucleotides |
| Formation of NAs and their backbone |
| Different ways of representing dna and rna molecules |
| Physico-chemical properties of nas |
| Their stability in acidic and basic solutions |
| Isolation, purification, and identification, buoyant density, sedimentation coefficient, and Svedberg constant of NAs |
| De-novo biosynthesis of nas |
| DNA and the Watson-Crick model, and its features |
| Dna as the bearer of genetic information |
| The central dogma of molecular genetics and the processes defined in the same |
| Replication of dna |
| Different types of rnas with their special features and functions |
| Minor or rare bases |
| Transcription and translation |
| Different post-translational modifications of proteins |
| Triplet codon and the codon dictionary |
| Mutations |
| An introduction to different types of mutations |
| Their nature and repair |
Hereditary diseases |
|---|
| Elliptocytosis, spherocytosis, HNPCC, diabetes insipidus |
Plant cell and tissue culture |
|---|
| Structure of plant cell, DNA, genes, and chromosomes |
| Cell and tissue culture: (a) Requirements, (b) callus culture, suspension culture, batch culture, (c) the concept of somatic hybridization, somatic embryogenesis |
| Processes and applications: (a) Isolation and immobilization of enzymes and plant cells and application, (b) protoplast and cell fusion, (c) germplasm conservation, (d) production of secondary metabolites by plant tissue culture |
| Processes and applications: (e) Gene transfer techniques |
Animal cell culture |
|---|
| Introduction to animal cell culture, medium used in ATC |
| Use of FCS, primary culture, secondary culture, cell line |
| Cloning: Concept and application with technical hurdles |
| Transgenic animals as a source of food, organs, and tissues, concept of xenotransplant |
Fermentation technology and industrial microbiology |
|---|
| Fermentation as a biochemical process, types of fermentation |
| Fermenter-working and construction, accessory components, modification |
| Fermentation monitoring and in situ recovery of products |
Recombinant DNA technology |
|---|
| Basic concepts: (a) Introduction, (b) role of a restriction endonuclease, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase |
Process and applications |
|---|
| Constructing recombinant DNA molecules:(a) DNA clones sources of DNA for cloning, (b) DNA vectors, role of expression vectors, (c) host cell for recombinant work, (d) method for screening and selecting transformants, (e) expression of foreign genes |
| Constructing recombinant DNA molecules: (f) uses of recombinant DNA |
| PCR and applications: Human gene therapy concept and applications |
| Drug delivery systems in gene therapy |
Biotechnology derived products |
|---|
| Sources and upstream processing: (a) Introduction, (b) Escherichia coli as a source of recombinant, therapeutic protein, (c) additional production systems: Yeast, fungal production systems, transgenic animals, transgenic plants, insects cell-based systems |
| Sources and upstream processing: (c) Upstream processing |
| Downstream processing: (a) Product analysis-introduction, protein-based contaminant, removal of an altered form of the protein of interest from the product stream, (b) determination of protein concentration |
| Immunological approaches to detection of contaminant, endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants: (a) Pyrogen detection, (b) DNA as a contaminant, (c) microbial and viral contaminant, (d) viral assays, (e) miscellaneous contaminants |
| Immunological approaches to detection of contaminant, endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants: (f) Validation studies |
| Production and purification of recombinant proteins like, insulin, growth hormones, somatostatin, interferons, only examples of recombinant blood products |
Introduction to microbiology |
|---|
| Scope and application to pharmacy field |
| Whittaker's five kingdom concept, historical development-biogenesis vs. abiogenesis, germ theory of fermentation, germ theory of disease, the contribution of Leeuwenhoek, Robert Koch, Jenner, Louis Pasteur and Ehrlich |
Microscopy and staining technique |
|---|
| The principle, ray diagram, construction, working, and applications of light compound, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence and electron microscope |
| The concept of resolving power, magnification power, numerical aperture and angular aperture, and working distance |
| The principle application of oil immersion microscopy |
| Theory of staining, principle and technique of staining procedure-monochrome, gram, acid-fast, negative, capsule, endospore |
Biology of microorganisms |
|---|
| Cultural characteristics, pure culture techniques |
| Bacteria-morphology and fine structure of bacteria, nutritional requirement and type of culture media, growth and growth curve of bacteria, physical condition for growth, measurement of bacterial growth (counting methods), reproduction in bacteria |
| Genetic exchange-transformation, conjugation, and transduction, development of drug resistance by recombination and mutation, preservation of bacterial culture |
| Biochemical properties (sugar fermentation and IMVIC test) |
| Pathogenesis of staphylococcus, mycobacterium |
| Salmonella introductory study of disease-causing rickettsia, the importance of actinomycetes in antibiotic production |
Fungi and viruses |
|---|
| Fungi: Introduction, general characteristics, morphology, the industrial and medical significance of saccharomyces cerevisae, penicillium and aspergillus, candida albicans, epidermophyton, and trichophyta |
| Viruses: Introduction, structure, and general properties bacteriophages-lytic and lysogenic cycle, epidemiological uses of bacteriophages, human viruses-cultivation and multiplication virus-host cell interaction, pathogenesis of HIV and prions |
| Viruses: Types of tumor viruses |
Aseptic technique |
|---|
| The omnipresence of microorganisms, the importance of asepsis, sources of contamination and methods of prevention, principle, construction, and working of laminar airflow bench |
Sterilization and disinfection |
|---|
| Concept and classification, principle, and methods of sterilization, mechanisms of cell injury |
| Construction working and applications of moist heat and dry heat sterilizer, gamma radiation sterilizer, filtration sterilizer |
| Indicators of sterilization, microbial death, kinetic terms-D value, Z value |
| Terminology of chemical antimicrobial agents, chemical classification of different disinfectants, characteristics of ideal disinfectants, factors affecting the action of disinfectants, evaluation methods (RW coefficient), Kelsey Sykes test |
| Chick martin test |
Microbial spoilage |
|---|
| Types of spoilage, factors affecting spoilage of pharmaceutical products |
Vaccines and sera |
|---|
| Manufacturing (seed lot system) and quality control of bacterial vaccines and toxoids (tetanus, TAB, cholera, BCG, DPT), viral vaccine (Polio-salk sabin, rabies, MMR, hepatitis, chickenpox, influenza), antisera (diphtheria, tetanus) |
| Antiviral antisera (rabies) |
| Preparation of allergenic extracts and diagnostics |
Microbial assay |
|---|
| Importance, general methods of assay of antibiotics (cup and plate method, paper disc method, turbidometry, dilution method), methods for fungicidal and antiviral compounds, assay, microbial limit tests |
Basic principles of cell injury and adaptation |
|---|
| Causes, pathogenesis, and morphology of cell injury, apoptosis, and necrosis |
Basic mechanisms of inflammation and repair |
|---|
| Pathogeneses of inflammation |
| Chemical mediators in inflammation |
| Pathogenesis of chronic inflammation |
| Repair of wounds in the skin, factors influencing healing of wounds |
Disorders of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance |
|---|
Disorders of homeostasis |
|---|
| White blood cells, lymphoid tissues, and red blood cells related diseases |
Immunopathology including amyloidosis |
|---|
| Host parasite relationship: Normal microbial flora of human body, infection vs. disease, pathogenicity vs. virulence, Koch and Rivers Postulates, reservoir of infection-sources of infection, portals of entry, portals of exit, vectors of infection |
| Host parasite relationship: Communicability of disease, recognized symptoms of microbial disease, classification of immunity |
| External defense mechanism of host: Skin, mucus membrane, chemical secretions, naturally occurring microbial flora |
| Internal defense mechanism: Inflammation, fever, natural killer cells, phagocytic cells, soluble mediators-complement lymphokines, interferons |
| Immune response: Specific immunity and immune response. Humoral immunity antibody response, mediators of humoral immunity, basic structure of antibody, antibody classes, and functions, maturation of immune response, immunologic memory |
| Immune response: Antigens-specificity and immunogenicity, natural vs. artificial antigens, soluble, cellular antigens, thymus independent antigen, adjuvant |
| Immune response: Hypersensitivity and its types-cellular immunity: Transplantation immunity, cellular immunity to viruses, implications of T-cell response. Acquisition of specific immunity: Natural vs. passive acquisition. Mechanism of autoimmunity |
| Immune response: Hypersensitivity and its types-cellular immunity: Classification of autoimmune diseases in man. Transplantation and allograft reactions, mechanism of rejection of allograft. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
Infectious diseases |
|---|
| Hepatitis-infective hepatitis |
| Sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV) |
| Pneumonia, typhoid, urinary tract infections |
| Tuberculosis |
| Leprosy |
| Malaria |
| Dysentery (bacterial and amoebic) |
Neoplastic diseases |
|---|
| Disturbances of growth of cells |
| General biology of tumors, differences between benign and malignant tumors |
| Classification of tumors |
| Historical diagnosis of malignancy |
| Etiology and pathogenesis of cancer |
| Invasions, metastasis, patterns of spread of cancer |
| Environmental carcinogenesis |
Pathophysiology of common diseases |
|---|
| Parkinsonism |
| Schizophrenia |
| Depression and mania stroke (ischemic and hemorrhage) |
| Hypertension |
| Angina |
| Myocardial infarction, CCF |
| Atherosclerosis |
| Diabetes mellitus |
| Peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease |
| Cirrhosis and alcoholic liver diseases |
| Acute and chronic renal failure |
| Asthma and chronic obstructive airway diseases |
Laboratory tests for liver function tests and kidney function tests |
|---|
Bio-pharmaceutics |
|---|
| The fate of drug after drug absorption, various mechanisms for drug absorption, drug concentration in blood, biological factors in drug absorption, physicochemical factors, dosage form consideration for gastrointestinal absorption |
| Drug absorption: (a) Gastrointestinal absorption-biological considerations, (b) gastrointestinal absorption-physicochemical considerations, (c) gastrointestinal absorption-role of the dosage form, (d) pharmacokinetics |
| Drug absorption: (d) Compartmental and non-compartmental pharmacokinetics. Biotransformation, drug disposition-distribution, drug disposition-elimination.Variability-body weight, age, sex, and genetic factors. Pharmacokinetic variability diseases |
| Drug absorption: (d) Pharmacokinetic variability-drug interactions. Individualization and optimization of drug dosing regimens |
Bio-availability and bio-equivalence |
|---|
| Quality parameters of dosage forms |
| Assay methods and its validation |
| Physicochemical properties of drugs and added substances and its effect on preparations, and biological availability of dosage forms |
| Pharmaceutical properties of dosage forms, disintegration, dissolution rate |
| Biological, pharmacological effects of dosage forms |
| Factors affecting bioavailability, determination of bioavailability |
| Significance of bio-equivalence studies |
| Statistical analysis of bioequivalence studies |
| Development, scale up and post approval changes (SUPAC) and in vitro (dissolution) in vivo (plasma concentration profile) correlation or IV/ IV correlation (IVIVC) |
| Multi stage-bioequivalence studies |
| Therapeutic equivalence |
| Titration design for clinical rationales |
| New drug application (NDA) |
Bio-pharmaceutical statistics |
|---|
| Post marketing surveillance |
| Process validation |
General principles |
|---|
| Preparation, maintenance, analysis of observational records in clinical pharmacy |
Clinical trials |
|---|
| Type and phases of clinical trials, placebo, ethical and regulatory issues including good clinical practice in clinical trials |
Therapeutic drug monitoring |
|---|
| Adverse drug reaction (ADR), types of ADR, mechanism of ADR |
Drug interaction |
|---|
| Monitoring and reporting of ADR, and its significance |
Drug information services |
|---|
| Drug interactions |
Drug interaction in pediatric and geriatric patients |
|---|
| Drug treatment during pregnancy, lactation and menstruation |
Pharmacovigilance |
|---|
| Therapeutic drug monitoring, neutraceuticals, essential drugs and rational drug usage |
Age-related drug therapy |
|---|
| Concept of posology, drug therapy for neonates, pediatrics, and geriatrics |
| Drugs used in pregnancy and lactation |
Drug therapy |
|---|
| In gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, and respiratory disorders |
| For neurological and psychological disorders |
| In infections of respiratory system, urinary system, infective meningitis, TB, HIV, malaria, and filaria |
| For thyroid and parathyroid disorders, diabetes mellitus, menstrual cycle disorders, menopause and male sexual dysfunction |
| For malignant disorders like leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors |
| For rheumatic, eye, and skin disorders |
Cell physiology |
|---|
| Cell, cell junctions, transport mechanisms, homeostasis, ion channels, secondary messengers |
The blood |
|---|
| Composition and functions of blood, RBC, WBC, platelets |
| Homeostasis, blood groups, mechanism of clotting |
| Introduction to disorders of the blood |
Gastrointestinal tract |
|---|
| Structure of the gastrointestinal tract, functions of its different parts including those of liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, various gastrointestinal structures and their role in the digestion, and absorption of food |
Respiratory system |
|---|
| Structure of respiratory organs, functions of respiration mechanism and regulation of respiration, respiratory volumes and vital capacity |
Autonomic nervous system |
|---|
| Physiology and functions of the autonomic nervous system |
| Mechanism of neurohumoral transmission in ans |
Sense organs |
|---|
| Structure and physiology of eye (vision), ear (hearing), taste buds, nose (smell), and skin |
Skeletal system |
|---|
| Structure and function of the skeleton |
| Articulation and movement |
| Disorders of bones and joints |
Central nervous system |
|---|
| Functions of different parts of the brain and spinal cord |
| Neurohumoral transmission in the central nervous system, reflex action, electroencephalogram, specialized functions of the brain, cranial nerves, and their functions |
Urinary system |
|---|
| Various parts structure and functions of the kidney, and urinary tract |
| Physiology of urine formation and acid-base balance |
| Brief introduction to disorders of the kidney |
Endocrine glands |
|---|
| Basic anatomy and physiology of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and pancreas |
| Local hormones |
| A brief introduction to disorders of various endocrine glands |
Reproductive system |
|---|
| Structure and functions of male, and female reproductive system |
| Sex hormones, physiology of menstrual cycle, and various stages of pregnancy and parturition |
Cardiovascular system |
|---|
| Anatomy of heart and blood vessels, physiology of blood circulation, cardiac cycle, conducting system of the heart, heart sound, electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and its regulation |
Lymphatic system |
|---|
| Composition, formation, and circulation of lymph |
| Spleen and its functions |
Fluid flow |
|---|
| Type of flow, Reynolds number, viscosity, the concept of the boundary layer, basic equation of fluid flow, the study of valves, flow meters, manometers, and measurement of flow and pressure including mathematical problems |
Heat transfer |
|---|
| Source of heat, mechanism of heat transfer, the laws of heat transfer, steam and electricity as heating media, determination of requirement of the amount of steam/ electrical energy, steam pressure, boiler capacity, mathematical problems on heat transfer |
| Steam traps and reducing valve, lagging |
Evaporation |
|---|
| The basic concept of phase equilibrium, factors affecting evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators, mathematical problems on evaporation |
Distillation |
|---|
| Raoult's law, phase diagram, volatility: Simple steam and flash distillation, principles of rectification, Mc-Cabe Thiele method for calculations of a number of theoretical plates, azeotropic, and extractive distillation |
| Mathematical problems on distillation |
Drying |
|---|
| Moisture content and mechanism of drying, the rate of drying and time of drying calculations, classifications and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying methods like freeze drying, and lyophilization |
| Mathematical problems in drying |
Size reduction and size separation |
|---|
| Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing in energy and power requirement of a mill, types of mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill, micronizer, Quadro co-mil, multi mill etc |
Extraction |
|---|
| Theory of extraction, extraction methods, equipment for various types of the extraction process |
Mixing |
|---|
| Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid, and liquid-liquid mixing equipment |
Crystallization |
|---|
| Characteristics of crystals like purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms, size, and factors affecting them |
| Solubility curves and calculation curves, and calculations of heat balance around S. Swanson's Walker crystallizer, super saturation theory and its limitations, nucleation mechanism, crystal growth, study of various types of crystallizers, tanks |
| Agitated batch, Swanson's Walker, single vacuums, circulating magma and crystal crystallizers, cracking of crystals and its prevention |
| Numerical problems on yields |
| Introduction to polymorphism |
Filtration and centrifugation |
|---|
| Theory of filtrations, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters, including filter press, rotary filter, edge filters, filter leaf and laboratory filtration equipment etc, factors affecting filtration, mathematical problems on filtrations |
| Optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters |
| Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters, and centrifugal sedimentars |
Dehumidification and humidity control |
|---|
| Basic concept and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, psychometric count and measurement of humidity, application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipment for humidification and dehumidification operations |
Refrigeration and air conditioning |
|---|
| Principles and applications of refrigeration, and air conditioning |
Material of constructions |
|---|
| General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, properties, and applications of the materials of construction with special reference to stainless steel, glass, ferrous metals, cast iron, non ferrous metals, copper and alloys, aluminum and alloys |
| Lead, tin, silver, nickel, and alloys, chromium and non metals, stone, slate, brick, asbestos, plastics, rubber, timber, concrete |
| Corrosion and its prevention with reference to commonly used material in pharmaceutical plants |
Automated process control systems |
|---|
| A process variable, temperature, pressure, flow level and vacuum, and their measurement |
| Elements of automatic process control and introduction to automatic process control |
| Elements of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) |
Industrial hazards and safety precautions |
|---|
| Mechanical, chemical, electrical, fire, dust, noise hazards, industrial dermatitis, accident, records, safety requirements/ equipment etc |
Introduction to management |
|---|
| Types of management |
| Basic concepts of management, management process, function, and principles |
| Levels of management, pharmaceutical management art, science or profession |
| Social responsibilities of management, functions of management |
Planning and forecasting |
|---|
| Planning: Nature, process, and types of planning, steps in the planning process, planning premises |
| Advantages and limitations of planning |
| Management by objective, meaning, objective features, advantages and limitations |
| Forecasting: Meaning, nature, importance, limitations |
| Techniques of forecasting |
Organization |
|---|
| Definition, nature, theories, functions, line, and staff organization concepts |
Research management |
|---|
| R and d organizations and research categories |
| Elements needed for an r and d organization |
| Technology transfer |
Inventory management |
|---|
| R and d organizations and research categories |
| Types of inventories |
| Requirements of effective inventory control |
Communication |
|---|
| Nature, types of communication, process, channels, and barriers of communication |
| Limitations of communications |
| Importance in pharmaceutical industries |
Marketing research |
|---|
| New product selection, product management, advertising |
Leadership and motivation |
|---|
| Leadership: Meaning, nature, leadership styles |
| Theories of leadership |
| Motivation: Meaning, nature, importance |
| Theories of motivation |
Human resource and development (HRD) |
|---|
| Definition, HRD methods, HRD process, HRD in Indian industry |
GATT |
|---|
| General agreement on tariff and trade and its impact on the pharmaceutical industry |
| History of GATT, its impact on the pharmaceutical industry |
| Pharmaceutical market in |
World trade organization (WTO) and trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) |
|---|
| Introduction to wto |
| Types of intellectual property rights: Industrial property and copyrights Indian patent acts, 1970 with the latest amendment |
World trade organization (WTO) and trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) |
|---|
| Definition, types of patents |
Standard institutions and regulatory authorities |
|---|
| Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) |
| International organization for standardization (ISO) |
| United states of food and drug administration (USFDA) |
| Central drug standard control organization (CDSCO) |
| International conference on harmonization (ICH) |
| World health organization (WHO) |
Historical background drug legislation in India, code of ethics for pharmacists |
|---|
The pharmacy act 1948 (inclusive of recent amendments) |
|---|
Drugs and cosmetics act 1940, rules 1945, including new drug applications |
|---|
Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act, and rules there under |
|---|
Drugs and magic remedies (objectionable advertisements) act, 1954 |
|---|
Medicinal and toilet preparations (excise duties) act, 1955, rules 1976 |
|---|
Medical termination of pregnancy act, 1970 and rules 1975 |
|---|
Prevention of cruelty to animals act, 1960 |
|---|
Drug (price control) order |
|---|
Shops and establishment act |
|---|
Factory act |
|---|
Consumer protection act |
|---|
Indian pharmaceutical industry |
|---|
| An overview |
Industrial development and regulation act, 1951 |
|---|
Introduction to intellectual property rights and Indian patent act, 1970 |
|---|
An Introduction to standard institutions and regulatory authorities such as BIS, ASTM, ISO, TGA, USFDA, MHRA, ICH, WHO |
|---|
Minimum wages act, 1948 |
|---|
Prevention of food adulteration act, 1954 and rules |
|---|
Introduction to laboratory equipment |
|---|
| Weighing methodology, handling of prescriptions, labeling instructions for dispensed products |
Posological calculations involved in the calculation of dosage for infants |
|---|
| Enlarging and reducing formula, displacement value |
Preparations of formulations involving allegation, alcohol dilution, isotonic solution |
|---|
Study of current patent and proprietary products, generic products and selected brand products, indications, contraindications, adverse drug reactions, available dosage forms and packing of |
|---|
| (a) Antihypertensive drug, (b) antiamoebic drugs, (c) antihistaminic drugs, (d) antiemetic drugs, (e) antacids and ulcer healing drugs, (f) antidiarrheals and laxatives, (g) respiratory drugs, (h) antibiotics, (i) analgesics and antipyretic drugs |
Compounding and dispensing of following prescriptions |
|---|
| (a) Mixtures, (b) solutions, (c) emulsions, (d) lotions (external preparations), (e) liniments (external preparations), (f) powder, (g) granules, (h) suppositories, (i) ointments/ paste, (j) cream |
| (k) Incompatibility: Prescription based on physical, chemical, and therapeutic incompatibility. Tablets, (l) inhalations |
Reading and counseling of prescriptions from the clinical practice |
|---|
| Designing from mock pharmacy: Layout and structure of retail pharmacy, compounding, dispensing, storing, labeling, pricing, recording, and counseling of prescription |
| Procurement of information for the given drug for drug information services |
| Preparation of hospital formulary |
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The National Board of Examinations (NBE) has released the exam pattern for GPAT along with the information bulletin. Candidates appearing for the exam are advised to know the GPAT exam pattern 2024 to get an understanding of the medium, type of questions to expect, duration of exam etc.
GPAT 2024 exam pattern can be checked as follows
The admit card for GPAT 2024 mentions details related to the exam, test centre, hall ticket number, the name of the candidate, etc. To download the GPAT admit card candidates need to log in using their application number, date of birth, and security pin. However, before downloading the GPAT admit card 2024, candidates must check all the details printed on it. Also, candidates must remember that GPAT 2024 admit card is an important document. If a candidate fails to carry it to the examination hall, they are not allowed to appear for the GPAT.
Steps to download GPAT admit card:
Unable to download the GPAT Admit Card?
Candidates who will be unable to download their admit cards must send an email to the official email ID provided by NBE for the cause citing their name, application number, and other details.
Documents to be carried along with GPAT admit card 2024
GPAT exam day guidelines 2024:
Here are some of the GPAT guidelines, that aspirants must follow at the centre:
| State | City |
|---|---|
| Gujarat | Ahmedabad |
| Bhavnagar | |
| Rajkot | |
| Surat | |
| Vadodara | |
| Anand | |
| Gandhinagar | |
| Mehsana | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Allahabad |
| Lucknow | |
| Meerut | |
| Bareilly | |
| Noida | |
| Kanpur | |
| Varanasi | |
| Ghaziabad | |
| Gorakhpur | |
| Agra | |
| Maharashtra | Amravati |
| Mumbai | |
| Aurangabad | |
| Nagpur | |
| Nanded | |
| Nashik | |
| Pune | |
| Kolhapur | |
| Ahmednagar | |
| Dhule | |
| Navi Mumbai | |
| Solapur | |
| Thane | |
| Tamil Nadu | Madurai |
| Chennai | |
| Coimbatore | |
| Tirunelveli | |
| Tiruchirappalli | |
| Karnataka | Mangalore |
| Mysore | |
| Bangalore | |
| Gulbarga | |
| Belgaum | |
| Dharwad | |
| Udupi | |
| Delhi | New Delhi |
| Madhya Pradesh | Bhopal |
| Gwalior | |
| Indore | |
| Jabalpur | |
| Sagar | |
| Odisha | Bhubaneswar |
| Sambalpur | |
| Berhampur | |
| Ganjam | |
| Andhra Pradesh | Nellore |
| Tirupati | |
| Vijayawada | |
| Visakhapatnam | |
| Kurnool | |
| Guntur | |
| Rajahmundry | |
| Chandigarh | Chandigarh |
| Goa | Panaji |
| Uttarakhand | Dehradun |
| Roorkee | |
| Bihar | Patna |
| Muzaffarpur | |
| Chhattisgarh | Raipur |
| Bhilai | |
| Haryana | Gurgaon |
| Faridabad | |
| Hisar | |
| Ambala | |
| Assam | Guwahati |
| Dibrugarh | |
| Jharkhand | Ranchi |
| Dhanbad | |
| Jamshedpur | |
| Telangana | Hyderabad |
| Warangal | |
| Karimnagar | |
| Secunderabad | |
| Himachal Pradesh | Shimla |
| Hamirpur | |
| Bilaspur | |
| Solan | |
| Jammu and Kashmir | Srinagar |
| Jammu | |
| Leh | |
| Rajasthan | Jaipur |
| Udaipur | |
| Jodhpur | |
| Kota | |
| Sikar | |
| Kerala | Thiruvananthapuram |
| Kozhikode | |
| Ernakulam | |
| Kottayam | |
| Thrissur | |
| West Bengal | Kolkata |
| Siliguri | |
| Punjab | Amritsar |
| Bathinda | |
| Ludhiana | |
| Mohali | |
| Tripura | Agartala |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Port Blair |
| Arunachal Pradesh | Itanagar |
| Naharlagun | |
| Lakshadweep | Kavaratti |
| Manipur | Imphal |
| Meghalaya | Shillong |
| Mizoram | Aizawl |
| Nagaland | Kohima |
| Dimapur | |
| Puducherry | Puducherry |
The GPAT 2024 answer key contains the answers to the questions asked in the exam. Using the GPAT answer key, candidates can calculate the marks to be obtained in the exam. Candidates can challenge GPAT official answer key 2024 by paying Rs 200 per question in online mode. The amount paid for the challenge was refunded if the challenges will be correct. After the challenge process is over, the NBE will release the final answer key of GPAT 2024 in PDF format at nbe.edu.in.
How to calculate your probable GPAT score 2024?
Use the official marking scheme of GPAT 2024 to calculate your score. According to the GPAT marking scheme, candidates will be rewarded 4 marks for every correct answer while every incorrect response deducts one mark.
GPAT score = (4 x Number of correct responses) + (1 x Number of incorrect responses)
How to challenge the GPAT answer key?
The GPAT result 2024 carries details such as the candidate’s rank, qualifying status and score. To check the GPAT 2024 result, candidates have to enter their email ID and password. The authorities will also release the GPAT merit list after the declaration of the result. In order to check the GPAT scorecard 2024, aspirants need to enter their registered e-mail ID and password.
Steps to check GPAT 2024 result:
The GPAT result 2024 page will show the maximum marks, the candidate's NBE score and All India Rank (AIR). GPAT 2024 result is valid for a period of three years from its declaration. The GPAT scorecard is used for admissions at more than 800 institutes offering M.Pharm courses across the country.
GPAT cutoff is taken as the screening process for admission to various Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharmacy) programmes. NBE, i.e. the conducting body determines the cutoff of GPAT 2024 which is the minimum qualifying score required for admissions. Various factors like availability of seats, the difficulty level of the exam, the number of candidates applied for etc. are considered while determining the GPAT cutoff.
GPAT 2022 cutoff
| Category | Cutoff scores | Total candidates |
| General | 148 | 14265 |
| OBC-NCL | 120 | 23104 |
| SC | 94 | 5420 |
| ST | 75 | 1478 |
| EWS | 122 | 6008 |
GPAT cutoff 2021, 2020, and 2019
| Category | 2021 cutoff | Total candidates | 2020 | Total candidates | 2019 | Total number of candidates |
| General | 359-186 | 1782 | 163 | 1974 | 141 | 1952 |
| OBC-NCL | 185-152 | 1179 | 131 | 1350 | 117 | 1103 |
| SC | 185-114 | 688 | 103 | 727 | 95 | 626 |
| ST | 183-87 | 340 | 76 | 373 | 74 | 313 |
| EWS | 185-155 | 458 | 104 | 489 | -- | -- |
GPAT Cutoff Trends
Category | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 |
General and OBC | 115 | 113 | 115 | 125 | 125 | 145 |
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe | 90 | 82 | 90 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Physically Handicapped | 90 | 82 | 90 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Mode of Counselling: Online, Offline
Individual participating institutes conduct the counselling based on the GPAT score. Qualified candidates have to register with the institutes for the GPAT 2024 counselling procedure separately. The counselling schedule is then released by the GPAT participating institutes separately. More than 800 institutes offer admissions to the master in Pharmacy programmes in the country on the basis of GPAT 2024 scores.
Documents required for GPAT Counselling 2024:
GPAT Counselling letter (original)
GPAT admit card (original)
GPAT rank card
10th class mark sheet (original)
12th class mark sheet (original)
Graduation certificate (original/ provisional)
Character certificate (original)
Category certificate (if applicable)
Latest passport-size photographs
| Validity of Exam Result: | For 3 Years |
| Mode of Exam: | Online |
| Contacts: | 7042399521 |
| +2 More | |
| Relevant Links: | Official Website Link Click Here |
Answer:
The GPAT 2024 exam date is June 8, 2024.
Answer:
GPAT 2024 registration requires the aspirants to provide basic details like name, father's name, etc. A unique application number is generated during the time of GPAT registration which has to be noted.
Answer:
The GPAT exam is of 3 hours time duration.
Answer:
No, candidates are not allowed to make any changes once the application form is saved.
Answer:
No. A candidate has to take the test on a pre-assigned computer at the test venue as contained in the GPAT admit card.
Answer:
There are more than 800 participating institutes that accept GPAT score.
Answer:
The Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) is conducted for M. Pharm admissions across various participating institutes of India.
Hello,
Yes, you can appear for the Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) if you are studying B.Sc. in Pharmaceutical Chemistry. GPAT is a national-level entrance exam conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) for admission to postgraduate pharmacy programs (M.Pharm) in various colleges and universities across India.
Hope this helps,
Thank you
Dear aspirant !!
Hope you are doing good !
Candidates must have a master degree in a relevant discipline with minimum 60% aggregate marks to be eligible for admission to PhD programs at NIPER Hyderabad . Students must have a valid NIPER JEE/GPAT/GATE/NET-JRF score.
hope it helps you !
Hii There,
I hope the below steps will help you and guide you for GPAT 2025 Exam:
Comprehend the Exam: Familiarize yourself with the GPAT exam's structure, syllabus, and scoring system to gain a clear understanding of what to anticipate.
Develop a Study Plan: Establish a study timetable that encompasses all GPAT syllabus topics. Allocate time for each subject and devise a practical timeline for your preparation.
Acquire Study Materials: Gather essential study materials, including textbooks, reference books, previous year question papers, and online resources, to serve as your study foundation.
Emphasize Fundamental Knowledge: Begin by revisiting the fundamental concepts of each subject to establish a solid groundwork before delving into more complex topics.
Engage in Regular Practice: Solve numerous practice questions and undertake mock tests consistently. This practice will aid in comprehending the exam's format, refining time management skills, and identifying areas requiring improvement.
Best of luck for your exam
Hello,
In most cases, the name on your Aadhaar card will be considered the primary identification for exams like the GPAT (Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test). However, it's crucial to ensure that your name on the GPAT application matches the name on your Aadhaar card to avoid any issues during the exam process. If there is a spelling mistake in your Aadhaar card, it's advisable to get it corrected as soon as possible to prevent any discrepancies.
Hope this helps you,
Thank you
Hello,
Here's the list of competitive exams you can go for after completing B Pharm:
1) GPAT (Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test)
2) Drug Inspector Exam
3) CGHS Pharmacist Exam (Central Government Health Scheme)
4) State Public Service Commission Exams
5) Pharmaceutical Officer Exam
6) UPSC Combined Medical Services Examination (CMS)
7) Railway Pharmacist Exam
8) AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences) Pharmacist Exam
9) State-level Pharmacy Entrance Exams for admission to M Pharm programs
10) DSSSB (Delhi Subordinate Services Selection Board) Pharmacist Exam
Hope this helps,
Thank you
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