GPAT 2024 Exam - Result (Out), Cutoff (Released), Counselling, Seat Allotment

Physical pharmacy: Unit 01

• States of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heat and vapour pressure, sublimation-critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glasses state
• Solid crystalline and amorphous polymorphism

Physical pharmacy: Unit 02

• Particle size and distribution, average particle size number and weight distribution, particle number, methods of determining particle size and volume, optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation, determining surface areas, permeability, adsorption
• Derived properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement densities, bulkiness and flow properties

Physical pharmacy: Unit 03

• Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tension, spreading coefficient, adsorption and liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency
• Absorption at solid interfaces, solid gas and solid-liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interfaces

Physical pharmacy: Unit 04

• Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematics viscosity, effect of temperature, non-Newtonian systems, pseudo plastics, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy in formulations, determination of viscosity and thixotropy by capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometer
• Application of theology in pharmacy

Physical pharmacy: Unit 05

• Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids, application of colloids in pharmacy
• Suspensions and emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended particles settling in suspension, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian movement, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles
• Suspensions and emulsions: Significance of electrical properties in dispersions, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological considerations, emulsions: Types, theories, physical stability

Physical pharmacy: Unit 06

• Classification of complexes, methods of preparations, and analysis, applications

Physical pharmacy: Unit 07

• Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general
• Buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparations, and stability, buffered isotonic solutions
• Measurements of tonicity calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity

Physical pharmacy: Unit 08

• Miscibility: Influence of foreign substances, three component systems; dielectric constant and solubility, solubility of solids in liquids, ideal and non-ideal solutions, solvation and association in solutions, solubility of salts in water
• Miscibility: Solubility of slightly soluble and weak electrolyte, calculating solubility of weak electrolytes as influenced by pH, influence of solvents on the solubility of drugs, combined effect of pH and solvents
• Miscibility: Distribution of solutes between immiscible solvents, effect of ionic dissociation and molecular association on partition, extraction, preservatives action of weak acids in emulsions, drug action and distribution coefficient
• Concepts of dissolution and diffusion

Organic chemistry: Unit 01

• A brief review of classification and sources of organic compounds, sp³, sp², sp hybridization, sigma and pi-bonds, bond lengths, bond angles, and bond energies along with their significance in reactions should be carried out
• An overview of bond polarization, hydrogen bonds, inductive effects, resonance, and hyper conjugation be taken
• Concept of homolytic and heterolytic bond fission, acidity, and basicity with different theories should be covered briefly
• Ease of formation and order of stabilities of electron deficient, and electron rich species along with the reasons for the same should be covered
• Relationships between energy content, stability, reactivity, and their importance in chemical reactions should be covered
• Calculations for determining empirical and molecular formula should be covered

Organic chemistry: Unit 02

• Alkanes (including cyclic compounds): IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
• Alkanes (including cyclic compounds): Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
• Alkenes (including cyclic compounds): IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
• Alkenes (including cyclic compounds): Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
• Alkynes (only open-chain compounds): IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
• Alkynes (only open-chain compounds): Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
• Aliphatic hydroxyl compounds: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
• Aliphatic hydroxyl compounds: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
• Alkyl halides: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
• Alkyl halides: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
• Aldehydes and ketones: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
• Aldehydes and ketones: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
• Carboxylic acids: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
• Carboxylic acids: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
• All functional derivatives of carboxylic acids: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
• All functional derivatives of carboxylic acids: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)

Organic chemistry: Unit 03

• Introduction to protection and deprotection of functional groups
• Two examples each for amino, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups
• The significance of these in syntheses should be explained

Organic chemistry: Unit 04

• Concept of aromaticity, Huckel's rule and its use in determining the aromatic/ non-aromatic character of a compound
• A brief coverage of structure of benzene
• Detailed coverage of electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions
• Reactivity and orientation in these reactions
• Reactivity and orientation in mono-and disubstituted benzenes
• Benzyne mechanism

Organic chemistry: Unit 05

• Aromatic hydrocarbons: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
• Phenolic compounds: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
• Phenolic compounds: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
• Aromatic and aliphatic amines: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
• Aromatic and aliphatic amines: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
• Diazonium salts: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
• Diazonium salts: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)
• Aromatic nitro-compounds, aryl halides, and ethers: IUPAC/ systematic nomenclature, industrial (wherever applicable) and laboratory methods of preparations
• Aromatic nitro-compounds, aryl halides, and ethers: Physical properties and chemical reactions with emphasis on reaction mechanisms (arrow based), and stereochemistry (wherever applicable)

Organic chemistry: Unit 06

• Syntheses and reactions with mechanisms of bi and tricyclic fused carbocyclic rings like naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene

Organic chemistry: Unit 07

• Carbonyl chemistry involving group conversions and their reaction mechanisms along with stereochemistry wherever applicable
• Wolff-Kishner reduction and Huang-Minlon modification
• Reduction of aryl sulfonyl hydrazine/ hydrazones to alkanes
• Bamford steven reaction
• Dcc oxidation of alcohol
• Michael addition/ 1,4-addition/ conjugate addition
• Mannich condensation/ reaction
• Robinson annulation
• Stobbe condensation
• Darzens glycidic ester synthesis
• Beckmann rearrangement
• Baeyer villiger rearrangement
• Curtius, wolff, and lossen rearrangements
• Willgerodt rearrangement
• Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement
• Methylene transfer reactions
• Use of diazomethane and sulphur ylides in the same
• Mono-and dialkylations in 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds
• Formation and use of enol ethers, enol acetates, and enamines as protective groups and in regiospecific alkylations

Organic chemistry: Unit 08

• IUPAC nomenclature of heterocyclic rings (3-10 membered) containing O, S, and N atoms
• Nomenclature of above rings containing mono-, di-, and multiple (same or different) heteroatoms should also be covered
• Nomenclature of 2 and 3 fused rings containing mono-, di-, and multiple heteroatoms (same or different) should also be covered
• Syntheses and reactions of three to six-membered rings in detail
• Syntheses of five and six-membered rings containing mono-or any di-heteroatoms (O, S, and N)
• Syntheses of quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, and benzimidazole, benzotriazole, and benzothiazole

Organic chemistry: Unit 09

• Bridged ring systems and their nomenclature
• C₈, C₉, C₁₁ bridged bicyclic alkanes
• Chemistry of hexamine, morphan, biperiden, amantadine, diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane

Organic chemistry: Unit 10

• Kinetic and thermodynamic control of sulfonation, enolate anion formation and alkylation of enamine reactions

Organic chemistry: Unit 11

• Chirality and asymmetry (introduction of the same to S, P, and N)
• Definition and classification (different types of isomerism's)
• Enantiomers, diastereomers
• Enantiomerism and diastereomerism
• Meso compounds and their optical activity
• Stereochemistry in acyclic compounds
• Newman projection formulae and their significance
• Conformational analysis of n-butane
• Absolute and relative configuration
• Assigning r and s configuration based on cahn ingold and prelog system
• Racemic mixture-its definition and resolution
• Definitions of terms stereoselective, stereospecific, enantiomeric excess and diastereomeric excess
• Stereochemistry in cyclic systems
• Conformations of cyclohexane
• Cis-trans relationship in cyclohexane
• Prediction of stability of different conformations of 1, 2- 1,3-, and 1,4-disubstituted cyclohexanes
• Effect of multiple substitutions on the stability of cyclohexane conformations
• Chair conformations of cis-, and trans-decalins, perhydrophenanthrenes, and a tetracyclic steroidal nucleus
• An introduction to atropisomerism

Organic chemistry: Unit 12

• Definition and classification
• D and L nomenclature in sugars
• Different ways of drawing/ representing a sugar molecule (including cyclic structure), interconversion of these representations
• Anomers and epimers
• Mutarotation
• Reactions of glucose
• Chain extension and chain reduction of a sugar

Organic chemistry: Unit 13

• Definition and classification
• D and l amino acids, natural, essential, and non-essential amino acids
• Denaturation, Strecker, Gabriel phthalimide methods for the preparation of amino acids
• Peptide bond and its formation
• Two protective groups each, for -nh2 and -cooh functionalities during protein synthesis
• Sequencing of a protein by chemical and enzymatic methods

Organic chemistry: Unit 14

• Concept of homo and lumo
• Drawing of HOMO and LUMO of 1, 3-butadiene, allylic cation, radical and anion, and 1, 3, 5-hexatriene, Diel's-Alder and retro Diel's Alder reaction

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry: Unit 01

• Impurities in pharmaceutical substances, sources, types, and effects of impurities
• Limit tests for heavy metals like lead, iron, arsenic, mercury, and for chloride, and sulphate as per Indian pharmacopoeia (IP)

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry: Unit 02

• Monograph and its importance, various tests included in monographs as per IP a study of the following compounds with respect to their methods of preparation, assay, and pharmaceutical uses of sodium citrate, calcium carbonate
• Copper sulphate, light and heavy kaolin, ammonium chloride, and ferrous gluconate

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry: Unit 03

• Stable and radioactive, mode and rate of decay
• Types and measurement of radioactivity
• Radio pharmaceuticals and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications in pharmacy and medicine such as ¹²⁵I, ³²P, ⁵¹Cr, ⁶⁰Co, ⁵⁹Fe, ⁹⁹Tc-M
• Radio contrast media, use of BaSO₄ in medicine

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry: Unit 04

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 01

• General anesthetics
• Local anesthetics
• Diagnostic agents
• Coagulants, anticoagulants, and plasma expanders
• Antiseptics, disinfectants, sterilants, and astringents
• Purgatives, laxatives, and antidiarrhoeal agents

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 02

• Antimalarials: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism)
• Antimalarials: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Antiamoebic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism)
• Antiamoebic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Anthelmintic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Anthelmintic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Antibacterial sulpha drugs (only): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Antibacterial sulpha drugs (only): Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Quinolone antibacterials: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Quinolone antibacterials: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Antimycobacterial drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Antimycobacterial drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Antifungal agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Antifungal agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Antiviral agents including HIV and anti-HIV drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules
• Antiviral agents including HIV and anti-HIV drugs: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Thyroid and antithyroid drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Thyroid and antithyroid drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Antiallergic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Antiallergic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Antiulcer agents and proton pump inhibitor: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Antiulcer agents and proton pump inhibitor: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Hypoglycemic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Hypoglycemic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 03

• Sedative-hypnotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Sedative-hypnotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Antiepileptic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Antiepileptic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Neuroleptics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Neuroleptics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Anti-anxiety drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Anti-anxiety drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Penicillins, cephalosporins and other beta-lactam antibiotics like imipenem and aztreonam: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
• Penicillins, cephalosporins and other beta-lactam antibiotics like imipenem and aztreonam: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
• Beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and sulbactam: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Chloramphenicol: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Chloramphenicol: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Tetracyclines: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Tetracyclines: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Macrolide antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Macrolide antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Lincomycins: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Lincomycins: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Polypeptide antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Polypeptide antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Anticancer antibiotics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Anticancer antibiotics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Steroids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Corticosteroids (gluco- and mineralocorticoids) and anti-inflammatory steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
• Corticosteroids (gluco- and mineralocorticoids) and anti-inflammatory steroids: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Sex steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Sex steroids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Male and female contraceptive agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Male and female contraceptive agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Anabolic steroids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Anabolic steroids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Anticancer agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Anticancer agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Narcotic (centrally acting) analgesics (analgetics): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
• Narcotic (centrally acting) analgesics (analgetics): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Morphine and all its structural modifications (peripheral and nuclear): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
• Morphine and all its structural modifications (peripheral and nuclear): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Narcotic agonists and antagonists (dual and pure): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
• Narcotic agonists and antagonists (dual and pure): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Non-narcotic analgesics (NSAIDS): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules
• Non-narcotic analgesics (NSAIDS): Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Difference between narcotic and non-narcotic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
• Difference between narcotic and non-narcotic agents: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Adrenergic drugs: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Adrenergic drugs: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Neurotransmitters and their role: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Neurotransmitters and their role: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• General and specific adrenergic agonists and antagonists (up to alpha-2 and beta-2 only): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
• General and specific adrenergic agonists and antagonists (up to alpha-2 and beta-2 only): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Cholinergic agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Cholinergic agents: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic agonists and antagonists (up to M2 and N2): Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
• Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic agonists and antagonists (up to M2 and N2): Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Neuronal (transmission) blockers: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Neuronal (transmission) blockers: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules
• Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules
• Drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Central and peripheral muscle relaxants: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules
• Central and peripheral muscle relaxants: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Hypertensive, antihypertensive, and antianginal agents: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable
• Hypertensive, antihypertensive, and antianginal agents: Synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Diuretics: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Diuretics: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Eicosanoids: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules, drug metabolism
• Eicosanoids: Therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes: Drug nomenclature, classification, physicochemical properties, mode of action [MOA], biosynthesis, structure-activity relationships [SAR], wherever applicable, synthesis of simple and prototype molecules
• Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes: Drug metabolism, therapeutic uses and side effects, drug resistance, wherever applicable
• Their biochemical role, biosynthesis, and inhibitor

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 04

• Linear free energy relationship
• Hammett's equation
• Use of substituent constants such as π, σ, Es, and physicochemical parameters such as pKa, partition coefficient, Rm, chemical shifts, molar refractivity
• Simple and valance molecular connectivity to indicate electronic effects, lipophilic effects, and steric effects
• Introduction, methodology, advantages and disadvantages/ limitations of Hansch analysis

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 05

• Chirality, chiral pool, sources of various naturally available chiral compounds
• Eutomers, distomers, eudismic ratio
• Enantioselectivity and enantiospecificity
• Enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess
• Prochiral molecules
• Asymmetric synthesis of captopril and propranolol

Pharmaceutical chemistry-Medicinal chemistry: Unit 06

• Introduction and basic terminology
• Databases and libraries
• Solid phase synthesis technique
• Types of supports and linkers, wang, rink, and dihydropyran derivatized linkers
• Reactions involving these linkers
• Manual parallel and automated parallel synthesis
• Houghton's tea bag method, micromanipulation, recursive deconvolution
• Mix and split method for the synthesis of tripeptides
• Limitations of combinatorial synthesis
• Introduction to throughput screening

Pharmaceutics: Unit 01

• Pharmacy as a career, evaluation of pharmacy, earlier period middle to modern ages
• Definition, importance of pharmaceuticals, areas concerned, scope of pharmaceutics, history and development of the profession of pharmacy, and pharmaceutical industry in India
• A brief review of present Indian pharmacy
• Industry in global perspective

Pharmaceutics: Unit 02

• Definition of the drug
• New drug and dosage form
• The desirable properties of a dosage form, the need of dosage form
• Ideas about the available type of dosage forms and new drug delivery system

Pharmaceutics: Unit 03

• Introduction to pharmacopoeia with reference to IP, BP, USP, and international pharmacopeia
• Study of structure/ features (index) general notice and compartment of monographs of excipients, drug and drug product
• Other sources
• Textbooks, journals, internet (drug information system, online database, patient/ consumer information and non-print material
• Classification of information, primary, secondary, and tertiary
• Nomenclature of the drug

Pharmaceutics: Unit 04

• Merits/ demerits, importance, formulation development-vehicles/ excipients with examples for the dosage form: Liquid dosage form-monophasic liquid dosage form
• Aromatic waters, syrup, elixir, linctus, lotion, liniment, glycerites, solutions, spirits, ENT preparations, mixtures, paints, mouthwash

Pharmaceutics: Unit 05

• Infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, tincture, and extract
• Methods of preparations of dry, soft, and liquid extract

Pharmaceutics: Unit 06

• Types of allergens, preparation of extract, testing, and standardization of extracts

Pharmaceutics: Unit 07

• Absorbable and non-absorbable material types, sutures, and ligatures, processing, manufacturing, sterilization, packing, QC tests of materials like catgut and nylon

Pharmaceutics: Unit 08

• Plant location and layout of an industry
• Various factors affecting locational aspects of chemical and pharmaceutical plants
• The layout of plant building and importance of flow sheet, the difference between scientific process and technological process, the layout of various departments, equipment, and product layout v/s process layout

Pharmaceutics: Unit 09

• Antioxidants, preservatives, coloring agents, flavoring agents, and diluting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, ointment bases, solvents, and others

Pharmaceutics: Unit 10

• Advantages and limitations as dosage form, manufacturing procedure and equipment, special care and problems in manufacturing powders, powders of IP, effervescent granules and salts

Pharmaceutics: Unit 11

• Hard gelatin capsules, shell formulation, and manufacturing, capsule sizes, storage, filing, cleaning process general formulation contents and evaluation
• Soft gelatin capsules, shell formulation, formulation contents, filing, sealing, and storage
• Microencapsulation, advantages, encapsulation materials, methods of microencapsulation, IP formulations

Pharmaceutics: Unit 12

• Types, ideal requirement, classification, granulation methods, general formulation, compression machines, different types of tooling's, difficulties in tableting, troubleshooting aspects, evaluation, sugar coating, compression coating, film coating
• Problems in tablet coatings and their troubleshooting aspects
• Ip formulations

Pharmaceutics: Unit 13

• Definition, types advantages and limitations, general formulation, vehicles, production procedure, production facilities, controls, tests, selected IP injections, sterile powders, implants, emulsions, suspensions

Pharmaceutics: Unit 14

• Formulation of deflocculated and flocculated suspension, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP suspensions

Pharmaceutics: Unit 15

• Types, emulsifying agents, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP emulsions

Pharmaceutics: Unit 16

• Ideal requirements, bases, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products

Pharmaceutics: Unit 17

• Definitions, bases, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products

Pharmaceutics: Unit 18

• Definition, types, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods, IP products

Pharmaceutics: Unit 19

• Definition, propellants, general formulation, manufacturing and packaging methods, pharmaceutical applications
• Impacts of propellants on the environment

Pharmaceutics: Unit 20

• Requirement, formulation, methods of preparation, containers, evaluation, IP products

Pharmaceutics: Unit 21

• Consideration of Importance, physical properties, physical forms, particle size, crystal forms, bulk control, solubility, wetting, flow cohesiveness, compressibility
• Organoleptic properties and its effect on final product consideration of chemical properties, hydrolysis, oxidation, recemization, polymerization, isomerization, decarboxylation, enzymatic decomposition, formulation additives, stabilizers
• Suspending and dispersing agents dyes, solid excipients etc and its effect on quality of finished product

Pharmaceutics: Unit 22

• Requirements, drug regulatory aspects, pharmaceutical products stability, shelf life, overages, containers, closures
• Reaction rate and order, acid-base catalysis, destabilization, and accelerated stability testing

Pharmaceutics: Unit 23

• Benefits, limitations, oral products, terminology, drug elimination rate, types and construction of implants products, product evaluation, parenteral products, absorption and evaluation

Pharmaceutics: Unit 24

• Critical fluid technology, transdermal drug delivery system, controlled drug delivery system, multiple emulsion, nanoparticles, targeted drug delivery system, aerosols, inhalation and new products reported etc

Pharmaceutics: Unit 25

• Introduction to GMP, QC, and QA
• Concept and need of good manufacturing practice guidelines
• Elements of GMP covering controls of area and processes, and product
• Regulations related to gmp
• Introduction of the validation process
• Types of validation
• The brief methodology of process, equipment, and instrument validation

Pharmaceutics: Unit 26

• Role and features of pharmaceutical packing materials
• Glass, plastic, rubber, metal, and paper as pharmaceutical packaging material
• General quality control of pharmaceutical packages
• Primary, secondary, and tertiary packaging materials
• Child resistant and pilfer-proof packaging

Pharmaceutics: Unit 27

• Formulation and preparation of dentifrices, hair creams, lipsticks, face powders, shaving preparations, skin creams, shampoos, hair dyes, depilatories, manicure preparations etc

Pharmaceutics: Unit 28

• Need, organization, and layout, scale-up techniques for solid and liquid dosage forms
• Technology transfer

Pharmacology: Unit 01

• Introduction to pharmacology-definition, scope, and source of drugs, dosage forms and routes of drug administration
• Pharmacy codynamics-mechanism of drug action, receptors, classification, and drug-receptor interactions, combined effects of drugs, factors modifying drug actions
• Pharmacokinetics-mechanism and principle of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
• Principles of basic and clinical pharmacokinetics
• Pharmacogenetics
• Adverse drug reactions
• Discovery and development of new drugs-preclinical and clinical studies

Pharmacology: Unit 02

• Neurohumoral transmission (Autonomic and somatic)
• Neurohumoral transmission in the c.n.s with special emphasis on pharmacology of various neurotransmitters
• Nitric oxide: Biosynthesis of nitric oxide and its physiological role
• Therapeutic use of nitric oxide and nitric oxide donors
• Clinical condition in which nitric oxide may play a part
• Peptides and proteins as mediators: General principal of peptide pharmacology biosynthesis and regulation of peptides peptide antagonists. Protein and peptide as drugs

Pharmacology: Unit 03

• Parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, sympathomimetics, sympatholytics, ganglionic stimulants and blockers
• Neuromuscular blocking agents and skeletal muscle relaxants (peripheral)
• Local anesthetic agents
• Drugs used in myasthenia gravis

Pharmacology: Unit 04

• General anesthetics
• Alcohols and disulfiram
• Sedatives, hypnotics, and centrally acting muscle relaxants, psychopharmacological agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety agents, anti-manics, and hallucinogens
• Anti-epileptic drugs
• Anti-parkinsonism drugs
• Nootropics
• Narcotic analgesics, drug addiction, drug abuse, tolerance, and dependence

Pharmacology: Unit 05

• Introduction of hemodynamics and electrophysiology of heart
• Anti-hypertensive drugs, anti-anginal agents, anti-arrhythmic drugs
• Drugs used in congestive heart failure
• Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs
• Drugs used in the therapy of shock
• Haematinics, anticoagulants, and haemostatic agents
• Fibrinolytics and antiplatelet drugs
• Blood and plasma volume expanders

Pharmacology: Unit 06

• Diuretics and anti-diuretics

Pharmacology: Unit 07

• Anti-asthmatic drugs, mucolytics and nasal decongestants, anti-tussives, and expectorants
• Respiratory stimulants

Pharmacology: Unit 08

• Basic concepts in endocrine pharmacology
• Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
• Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs, parathormone, calcitonin, and vitamin-D
• Insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and glucagon
• Acth and corticosteroids
• Androgens and anabolic steroids
• Estrogens, progesterone, and oral contraceptives
• Drugs acting on the uterus

Pharmacology: Unit 09

• General principles of chemotherapy
• Sulphonamides and co-trimoxazole
• Antibiotics-penicillins, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, macrolides, quinolones, and fluoroquinolons
• Tetracyclines
• Aminoglycosides and miscellaneous antibiotics
• Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, AIDS, protozoal diseases, worm infections, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases
• Chemotherapy of malignancy

Pharmacology: Unit 10

• Histamine, 5-HT and their agonsists, and antagonists
• Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
• pentagastrin, cholecystokinin, angiotensin, bradykinin and substance P., analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-gout drugs

Pharmacology: Unit 11

• Antacids, anti-secretary, and antiulcer drugs
• Laxatives and antidiarrheal drugs
• Appetite stimulants and suppressants
• Digestants and carminatives
• Emetics and anti-emetics

Pharmacology: Unit 12

• Definition of rhythm and cycles
• Biological clocks and their significance leading to chronotherapy

Pharmacology: Unit 13

• Immunostimulants and immunosuppressants

Pharmacology: Unit 14

• Vitamin deficiency diseases and their management
• Role of minerals in health and diseases

Pharmacology: Unit 15

• Definition of poison
• General principles of treatment of poisoning
• Treatment of poisoning due to heavy metals, insecticides, opioids, and other addict forming drugs
• Study of acute, sub acute, and chronic toxicity as per OECD guidelines (guidelines 420, 423, 425, 407, 408, 451/ 452; only names and significance, detailed procedures and minute details are not expected)

Pharmacognosy: Unit 01

• Historical development, modern concept, and scope of pharmacognosy
• The significance of pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine practiced in India Viz: Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathic and Siddha

Pharmacognosy: Unit 02

• Based on alphabetical, morphological, pharmacological, chemical, taxonomical, and chemotaxonomic methods: Organized and unorganized drugs-official and unofficial drugs
• Plants, animals, and minerals: Marine products-plant tissue culture

Pharmacognosy: Unit 03

• Exogenous factors: Temperature, rainfall, daylight, altitude, and soil
• Endogenous factors: Mutation, polyploidy, and hybridization in medicinal plants
• Production factors including collection, drying, storage, and transport methods
• Study of morphological and histological characters of crude drugs, ergastic cell inclusions, anatomical structures of both monocot and dicot stems, leaves and roots: Barks, fruits, and seeds

Pharmacognosy: Unit 04

• Details of mountants, clearing agents, chemomicroscopic (microchemical) reagents

Pharmacognosy: Unit 05

• Definition, classification, chemical tests, and pharmaceutical importance of: Carbohydrates and their derivatives, fats and proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, resins, lipids and volatile oils

Pharmacognosy: Unit 06

• Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important plants with special reference to: Algae-rhodophyceae (agar, alginic acid, diatoms). Fungi-ergot, yeast, and penicillium. Gymnosperm-pinaceae (turpentine, colophony), gnetaceae (ephedra)
• Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important plants with special reference to: Angiosperm-apocynaceae, asteraceae, lamiaceae, rubiaceae, rutaceae, solanaceae, scrophulariaceae, leguminosae, papaveraceae, acanthaceae and apiaceae
• Diagnostic features and medicinal significance of important plants with special reference to: Pteridophytes-male fern

Pharmacognosy: Unit 07

• Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Starches, acacia gum, tragacanth, sterculia, guar gum, pectin, arachis oil, castor oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, cotton, silk, wool, regenerated fibers, asbestos, kaolin
• Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Prepared chalk, kieselguhr

Pharmacognosy: Unit 08

• Biological sources, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Shellac, cochineal, cantharides, woolfat, lard, beeswax, honey, musk, lanolin, gelatin

Pharmacognosy: Unit 09

• Introduction to plant bitters, sweeteners, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and photosensitizing agents

Pharmacognosy: Unit 10

• Study of allergens, hallucinogens, narcotics

Pharmacognosy: Unit 11

• Biological sources, preparation, characters, and uses of: Diastase, papain bromelain, ficin, yeast, pancreatin, urokinase, pepsin, trypsin, penicillinase, hyaluronidase and streptokinase

Pharmacognosy: Unit 12

• Introduction to herbicides, fungicides, fumigants and rodenticides tobacco, pyrethrum, and neem

Pharmacognosy: Unit 13

• Different methods of adulteration: Evaluation of drugs by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods
• Deterioration of herbal drugs by insects

Pharmacognosy: Unit 14

• Definition and determination of stomatal index, stomatal number, palisade ratio, vein islet number, vein termination number, lycopodium spore method
• Micrometers and measurement of microscopic characters

Pharmacognosy: Unit 15

• Formation of primary and secondary metabolites
• Study of Calvin cycle, TCA cycle, shikimic acid pathway, Embden-Mayerhoff pathway, acetate hypothesis, isoprenoid pathway
• Biosynthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and volatile oils

Pharmacognosy: Unit 16

• Biological sources, salient morphological features, chemical constituents, and uses of: Plantago, bael, chaulmoogra oil, neem oil, shark liver oil, cod liver oil, guggul lipids

Pharmacognosy: Unit 17

• Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, chemical test, and uses of: Pale catechu, black catechu, nutgalls, terminalia belerica, terminalia chebula, terminalia arjuna

Pharmacognosy: Unit 18

• Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Black pepper, turpentine, mentha, coriander, cardamom, cinnamon, cassia, lemon peel, orange peel, lemongrass, citronella, cumin, caraway, dill, spearmint, clove, anise
• Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Star anise, fennel, nutmeg, eucalyptus, chenopodium, ajowan, sandalwood

Pharmacognosy: Unit 19

• Classification, formation, sources, chemical constituents, identification test, adulterants, and uses of: Benzoin, peru balsam, tolu balsam, colophony, myrrh, asafoetida, jalap, colocynth, ginger, turmeric, capsicum, cannabis, podophyllum

Pharmacognosy: Unit 20

• Nature and classification
• Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Digitalis, strophanthus, squill, thevetia, oleander, cascara, aloe, rhubarb, senna, quassia, dioscorea, quillaia, glycyrrhiza, ginseng, gentian, wild cherry, withania
• Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Bitter almond
• Biosynthesis of cardiac and anthraquinone glycosides

Pharmacognosy: Unit 21

• Nature, classification, biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Areca nut, belladonna, hyoscymous, stramonium, duboisea, coca, coffee, tea, cinchona, opium, ipecac, nux vomica, ergot, rauwolfia, vinca, kurchi
• Nature, classification, biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants, and uses of: Ephedra, colchicum, vasaca, pilocarpus, aconite, solanum xanthocarpum
• Biosynthesis of tropane, cinchona, and opium alkaloids

Pharmacognosy: Unit 22

• General methods used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of alkaloids, lipids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, volatile oils and resins
• Application of column, paper, and thin layer chromatographic techniques, for the isolation of phytopharmaceuticals

Pharmacognosy: Unit 23

• Isolation, identification, and estimation of: Caffeine, eugenol, digoxin, piperine, tannic acid, diosgenin, hesperidin, berberine, calcium sennosides, rutin, glycyrrhizin, menthol, ephedrine, quinine, andrographolides and guggul lipids

Pharmacognosy: Unit 24

• Quality control of herbal drugs as per WHO, AYUSH, and pharmacopoeial guidelines-extractive values, ash values, chromatographic techniques (TLC, HPTLC, and HPLC) for determination of chromatographic markers
• Determination of heavy metals, insecticides, pesticides, and microbial load in herbal preparations

Pharmacognosy: Unit 25

• Principals involved in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Chinese and Homeopathic systems of medicines
• Preparation of ayurvedic formulations like aristas, asava, ghutika, tailia, churna, avaleha, ghrita, and bhasmas: Unani formulations like majooms, safoofs
• Determination of alcohol contents in arishtas and asavas

Pharmacognosy: Unit 26

• Study of drugs having high commercial value and their regulations pertaining to trade

Pharmacognosy: Unit 27

• Importance of herbals as shampoos (soapnut), conditioners, and hair darkeners, (amla, henna, hibiscus, tea), skin care (aloe, turmeric, lemon peel, vetiver)

Pharmacognosy: Unit 28

• Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological, and clinical uses of: Punarnava (boerhaviadiffusa), shankhpushpi (convolvulus microphylla), lehsun (allium sativum), guggul (commiphora mukul)
• Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological, and clinical uses of: Kalmegh (andrographis peniculata), tulsi (ocimum sanctum), valerian (valerian officinalis), artemisia (artemisia annua)
• Common names, sources, morphology, active constituents and uses (traditional, folklore), pharmacological, and clinical uses of: Chirata (swertia chirata), Ashoka (saraca indica)

Pharmacognosy: Unit 29

• Knowledge about the herbal products being manufactured by premier herbal industries and thrust area of the institutes involved in plant research

Pharmacognosy: Unit 30

• Indian and International patent laws, proposed amendments as applicable to herbal/ natural products and processes: Intellectual property rights with special reference to phytoconstituents

Pharmacognosy: Unit 31

• Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, various branches of treatment in ayurveda, types of the drug formulation in Ayurveda and important Ayurvedic drugs and their uses, formulation of asavas, arishtas, watika, churna, tailas, ghruta, lep

Pharmacognosy: Unit 32

• Theory, basic concept, diagnosis, treatment, source of homeopathic medicines and important homeopathic drugs, and their uses

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 01

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 02

• Definitions of acids and bases according to Arrhenius, and Lewis theory
• Definitions of normality, molarity, molality, and equivalent weight
• Primary and secondary standards with examples, and differences between them
• Standardization of strong acids and bases using primary, and secondary standards
• Preparation of standard solutions of and calculations of equivalent weights of oxalic acid, potassium acid phthalate, calcium chloride dehydrate, and sodium carbonate
• Calculation of factors involved in standardization of sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and oxalic acid
• Direct, back, and differential titrations
• Application of direct and back titrations to preparations like boric acid, and borax in a mixture, ammoniated mercury, milk of magnesia, and zinc oxide ointment
• Law of mass action, acid-base equilibria, pH scale, pH and hydronium ion concentrations in aqueous systems, calculations of pH for weak acids and weak bases
• Use and applications of ph meter
• Hydrolysis of salts
• Strengths of acids and bases, dissociation constant
• Theory of acid-base indicators
• Neutralization (titration) curves
• Definition, different types of buffers (chemical and biological), and their composition
• Buffer capacity, buffered isotonic solutions
• Calculations involving preparation of various buffer capacity solutions
• Biological and pharmaceutical applications of buffers

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 03

• Acid-base definitions according to Lowry-Bronsted, Lewis and Arrhenius concept
• Factors affecting strengths of acids and bases
• Intrinsic structure and surrounding environment
• Protophilic, protogenic, amphiprotic, and aprotic solvents
• Acid-base equilibria in non-aqueous media
• Titrants and indicators used for the assay of acidic, and basic substances
• Preparation of perchloric acid, formation of onium ion
• Assay of 1⁰, 2⁰, 3⁰ amines and amine hydrochlorides using perchloric acid, and the reactions involved in it
• Standardization of sodium ethoxide solution
• Assay of phenols and phenobarbitone
• General applications of non-aqueous titrations

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 04

• Definition of oxidation, reduction, oxidizing, and reducing agent
• Equivalent weight, the concept of half reactions. Systematic balancing of half reactions with respect to: a) Oxalic acid-KMnO₄, b) FeSO₄-ceric nitrate, c) I2-sodium thiosulphate solution titrations
• Calculation of equivalent weight of oxalic acid, KMnO₄, FeSO₄, permanganate and I2 from half-reactions
• Calculation of factors for titrations: (a) Redox titrations-KMnO₄ as a self indicator, it's preparation, standardization, and use in the assay of ferrous gluconate tablets, H₂O₂, and NaNO₂ solution
• Calculation of factors for titrations: (b) Iodimetric and iodometric titrations. Definitions and difference between iodimetry and iodometry. Preparation, standardization of iodine solution. Assay of ascorbic acid and sulphur ointment by iodimetry
• Calculation of factors for titrations: (b) Assay of copper sulphate and ferric chloride by iodometry
• Calculation of factors for titrations: (c) Bromometric titrations
• Calculation of factors for titrations: (d) Iodate titrations. Definition. Preparation, standardization and use of KIO₃ in the assay of ascorbic acid and KI
• Calculation of factors for titrations: (e) Cerimetric titrations. Preparation, standardization and use of ceric solutions in the assay of paracetamol tablets. Its advantages over permanganate solutions
• Calculation of factors for titrations: (f) Bromine titrations. Preparation, standardization and use of bromine solution in the assay of phenol and isoniazid tablets
• Calculation of factors for titrations: (g) Potassium dichromate titrations. Preparation, standardization and use of potassium dichromate solution in the assay of ferrous ammonium sulphate

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 05

• The principle of solubility product and sparingly soluble salts
• Titrants and indicators used in Mohr's, Volhard's, and Fajan's methods
• Preparation and standardization of silver nitrate, and ammonium thiocyanate solutions
• Assay of sodium chloride by Mohr's method, use of nitrobenzene in the assay of halides, ammonium chloride, and thiourea by Volhard's method
• Calculation of factors in argentometric titrations
• Titration curve method
• General applications of precipitation titrations

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 06

• Difference between double salts and coordinate compounds
• Definitions of coordination number of metal ions, ligands-uni-, bi-, and multidentate
• Complexing, chelating, and sequestering agents with respective examples
• Structure of complexes of platinum with ammonia
• Ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) as a multidentate ligand in complexometry
• Coordinate compounds of EDTA with bi-, tri-, and tetravalent metal ions
• Stability of complexes and factors affecting it, use of buffers in EDTA titrations
• Selective analysis of ions based on pH adjustments, use of masking, and demasking agents, pM or metal ion indicators
• Standardization of EDTA solution, titration curves, and examples of assays carried out by direct and back titrations and by replacement of one complex by the other
• Applications of complexometry in the assays of calcium gluconate, milk of magnesia, zinc undecenoate ointment, and aluminium hydroxide gel
• Assay of naf by indirect titration

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 07

• Principles of gravimetry
• Factors affecting precipitation, formation, and properties of the precipitate
• Colloidal state
• Impurities in the precipitate, conditions of precipitation
• Precipitation from homogenous solutions, washing, drying, and ignition of the precipitate
• Experimental techniques of drying and ignition
• Applications of gravimetry in pharmacy

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 08

• Liquid-liquid extraction, separation of mixtures by extraction
• Distribution law
• Successive and multiple extraction (Craig method), continuous counter-current extraction
• Effect of temperature and ph on extraction
• Inert solute, associate ion pair formation, emulsion problem in extractions
• Applications in pharmacy

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 09

• Theory, ion-selective electrodes, measurement of potential, red-ox titration curve, pH measurement, the relation of pH to potential
• Applications in pharmacy

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 10

• Diazotization titrations
• Kjeldahl nitrogen estimation
• Karl Fischer titrations
• Liquid gelenicals
• Oxygen flask determination of alcohol content in liquid gelenicals
• Oxygen flask combustion method

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 11

• Calibration of instruments

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 12

• Wave-particle duality, wave properties, particulate properties
• Line and band spectrum
• Electromagnetic spectrum
• Absorption and emission spectroscopy
• Understanding of terms such as absorbance, transmittance, absorptivities, molar absorptivity, E 1cm 1%, λmax, the effect of solvent and pH on λmax

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 13

• Different electronic transitions
• Auxochromes and their effects, auxochromic, bathochromic, and hypsochromic shifts (red and blue shifts)
• Beer-Lambert law, its derivation, deviations in Beer's law
• Single and double beam spectrophotometers covering sources of radiations, different monochromators, detectors such as barrier cell, photocell, photomultiplier tube
• Photodiode array detector
• Applications of this technique in qualitative and quantitative estimations giving emphasis on problem-solving
• Fieser-woodward rules for calculations of theoretical λmax values

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 14

• Principle, definitions, and types of luminescence
• Mechanism of fluorescence and phosphorescence
• Singlet and triplet states, and intersystem crossing
• Fluorescence yield and factors affecting it
• Quenching of fluorescence and fluorescence quenchers
• Structure and fluorescence
• A brief discussion of instrumentation
• Applications of fluorimetry in pharmacy

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 15

• Principle and instrumentation with emphasis on working, and importance of different components
• Temperature, flame absorption, and emission profiles
• Interferences and their avoidance
• Quantitative estimations and applications

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 16

• Infrared region in em spectrum
• The principle, different stretching and bending vibrations
• Components (and their working) of a dispersive instrument
• Fourier transform (FT) technique, FT instruments and their comparison with dispersive instruments
• Sample handling techniques
• Functional group and fingerprint regions in the spectrum
• Functional groups identification and their use in the characterization of compounds
• Problems based on the identification of functional groups from spectra of unknown compounds

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 17

• The principle involved in the technique
• Knowledge about fundamental terms involved such as quantized absorption, flipping of nucleus, spin number, magnetic moment, magnetogyric ratio, relaxation, etc
• Equations relating these terms to the frequency of radiation and magnetic field (without derivation of the equations)
• Types of relaxation processes
• Low and high-resolution instruments
• A brief discussion on the low-resolution instrumentation (60 MHz)
• Quantitative knowledge of the relationship between MHz and magnetic field
• An introduction to superconductivity magnets
• Solvents and reference standards used
• Setting up of NMR scale
• Sample preparation
• Shielding and deshielding of a proton, and its effect on chemical shifts
• Discussion on and importance of equivalent and non equivalent protons (number of signals), chemical shifts (position of signal) and their calculation from the spectrum, chemical shifts of different H's, splitting (multiplicity) of a signal
• Coupling constants (J values), integration (area under the signal)
• Importance of these terms in identification (or confirmation) of different functional groups
• Significance and contribution of j value in stereochemistry
• Prediction (expected theoretical values) of chemical shifts and multiplicities for all protons from simple structures containing up to 12-15 carbons
• An introduction to ft-technique and its significance in 13c-nmr spectrometry

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 18

• Principle
• Low and high-resolution instruments
• Components and importance of each in brief
• Different types of mass spectrometric techniques
• Brief knowledge of chemical ionization mass spectrometry
• Calculations of hydrogen deficiency index (HDI) or unsaturation index (UI)
• Base or parent peak, molecular ion, M + 1, M + 2 peaks
• Calculations of molecular weight based on m +1 and m + 2 peaks
• Formation of molecular ion and further fragmentation
• Rearrangements in mass spectrometry
• Major modes of fragmentations of hydrocarbons, hydroxyl compounds, halogen compounds, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines
• Introduction (only) to recent advances in MS

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 19

• Principle and instrumentation
• IIkovich equation (no derivation) and its importance
• Dropping mercury electrode (DME), saturated calomel electrode
• Liquid-liquid junction potential, polarographic cell
• Explanation of origin of the S-shaped C-V curve
• Applications of this technique
• Amperometric titrations, principles, instrumentation, and applications

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 20

• Principles, Tyndall effect
• Duboscq turbidimeter
• Eel's nephelometer
• Applications

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 21

• Principle, rate and plate theory, Van Deemter equation and the parameters affecting separation/ band broadening
• Classification of chromatography, retention factor
• A detailed study of thin layer chromatography (TLC), preparative TLC, paper chromatography (PC), column chromatography, gas chromatography (GC/ GLC)
• Qualitative and quantitative applications of the above techniques
• An introduction to high performance TLC (HPTLC), comparison of TLC, and HPTLC
• brief introduction to high pressure/ performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Pharmaceutical analysis: Unit 22

• An introduction to electrophoresis
• An introduction to lasers and masers
• Statistical treatment to experimental data
• Sampling techniques and applications in pharmaceutical industry

Biochemistry: Unit 01

• Revision of ultra structure of the cell, functions of various cellular constituents
• Applications of biochemical principles to the pharmacy

Biochemistry: Unit 02

• Types of carbohydrates, their functions, digestion, and absorption
• Aerobic and anaerobic oxidation with energetics
• Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
• Hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP shunt)
• Diseases associated with carbohydrate metabolism

Biochemistry: Unit 03

• Different types of proteins
• Their functions, digestion, and absorption
• Denaturation and its effect on biological activity
• Renaturation of proteins
• Urea formation, urea cycle, creatinine formation
• Transamination and deamination
• Proteins as enzymes

Biochemistry: Unit 04

• Different types of lipids
• Their functions, digestion, absorption, and metabolism
• Beta-oxidation of fatty acids with energetics
• Biosynthesis of cholesterol (from acetate), adrenocorticoids, androgens, progesterone, estrogens, and bile acids/ salts
• Ketone bodies, their formation, and biochemical significance
• Diseases associated with lipid metabolism

Biochemistry: Unit 05

• Definition
• Classification, structures (except B12) biochemical role, sources, daily requirements, and deficiency symptoms
• Vitamins as cofactors in biochemical reactions

Biochemistry: Unit 06

• Oxidation-reduction systems in the body their role
• Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain
• Cytochromes and inhibitors of the same

Biochemistry: Unit 07

• Classification and their various roles
• Enzyme cofactors
• Enzyme kinetics
• Michaelis-Menten equation along with its transformations
• Double reciprocal plot
• Factors affecting enzyme action
• Enzyme inhibition, competitive and non-competitive, and kinetics

Biochemistry: Unit 08

• Different types of nucleic acids (NAs) and their composition
• Purine and pyrimidine bases, sugars, and phosphoric acid
• Nucleosides and nucleotides
• Formation of NAs and their backbone
• Different ways of representing dna and rna molecules
• Physico-chemical properties of nas
• Their stability in acidic and basic solutions
• Isolation, purification, and identification, buoyant density, sedimentation coefficient, and Svedberg constant of NAs
• De-novo biosynthesis of nas
• DNA and the Watson-Crick model, and its features
• Dna as the bearer of genetic information
• The central dogma of molecular genetics and the processes defined in the same
• Replication of dna
• Different types of rnas with their special features and functions
• Minor or rare bases
• Transcription and translation
• Different post-translational modifications of proteins
• Triplet codon and the codon dictionary
• Mutations
• An introduction to different types of mutations
• Their nature and repair

Biochemistry: Unit 09

• Elliptocytosis, spherocytosis, HNPCC, diabetes insipidus

Biotechnology: Unit 01

• Structure of plant cell, DNA, genes, and chromosomes
• Cell and tissue culture: (a) Requirements, (b) callus culture, suspension culture, batch culture, (c) the concept of somatic hybridization, somatic embryogenesis
• Processes and applications: (a) Isolation and immobilization of enzymes and plant cells and application, (b) protoplast and cell fusion, (c) germplasm conservation, (d) production of secondary metabolites by plant tissue culture
• Processes and applications: (e) Gene transfer techniques

Biotechnology: Unit 02

• Introduction to animal cell culture, medium used in ATC
• Use of FCS, primary culture, secondary culture, cell line
• Cloning: Concept and application with technical hurdles
• Transgenic animals as a source of food, organs, and tissues, concept of xenotransplant

Biotechnology: Unit 03

• Fermentation as a biochemical process, types of fermentation
• Fermenter-working and construction, accessory components, modification
• Fermentation monitoring and in situ recovery of products

Biotechnology: Unit 04

• Basic concepts: (a) Introduction, (b) role of a restriction endonuclease, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase

Biotechnology: Unit 05

• Constructing recombinant DNA molecules:(a) DNA clones sources of DNA for cloning, (b) DNA vectors, role of expression vectors, (c) host cell for recombinant work, (d) method for screening and selecting transformants, (e) expression of foreign genes
• Constructing recombinant DNA molecules: (f) uses of recombinant DNA
• PCR and applications: Human gene therapy concept and applications
• Drug delivery systems in gene therapy

Biotechnology: Unit 06

• Sources and upstream processing: (a) Introduction, (b) Escherichia coli as a source of recombinant, therapeutic protein, (c) additional production systems: Yeast, fungal production systems, transgenic animals, transgenic plants, insects cell-based systems
• Sources and upstream processing: (c) Upstream processing
• Downstream processing: (a) Product analysis-introduction, protein-based contaminant, removal of an altered form of the protein of interest from the product stream, (b) determination of protein concentration
• Immunological approaches to detection of contaminant, endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants: (a) Pyrogen detection, (b) DNA as a contaminant, (c) microbial and viral contaminant, (d) viral assays, (e) miscellaneous contaminants
• Immunological approaches to detection of contaminant, endotoxin and other pyrogenic contaminants: (f) Validation studies
• Production and purification of recombinant proteins like, insulin, growth hormones, somatostatin, interferons, only examples of recombinant blood products

Microbiology: Unit 01

• Scope and application to pharmacy field
• Whittaker's five kingdom concept, historical development-biogenesis vs. abiogenesis, germ theory of fermentation, germ theory of disease, the contribution of Leeuwenhoek, Robert Koch, Jenner, Louis Pasteur and Ehrlich

Microbiology: Unit 02

• The principle, ray diagram, construction, working, and applications of light compound, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence and electron microscope
• The concept of resolving power, magnification power, numerical aperture and angular aperture, and working distance
• The principle application of oil immersion microscopy
• Theory of staining, principle and technique of staining procedure-monochrome, gram, acid-fast, negative, capsule, endospore

Microbiology: Unit 03

• Cultural characteristics, pure culture techniques
• Bacteria-morphology and fine structure of bacteria, nutritional requirement and type of culture media, growth and growth curve of bacteria, physical condition for growth, measurement of bacterial growth (counting methods), reproduction in bacteria
• Genetic exchange-transformation, conjugation, and transduction, development of drug resistance by recombination and mutation, preservation of bacterial culture
• Biochemical properties (sugar fermentation and IMVIC test)
• Pathogenesis of staphylococcus, mycobacterium
• Salmonella introductory study of disease-causing rickettsia, the importance of actinomycetes in antibiotic production

Microbiology: Unit 04

• Fungi: Introduction, general characteristics, morphology, the industrial and medical significance of saccharomyces cerevisae, penicillium and aspergillus, candida albicans, epidermophyton, and trichophyta
• Viruses: Introduction, structure, and general properties bacteriophages-lytic and lysogenic cycle, epidemiological uses of bacteriophages, human viruses-cultivation and multiplication virus-host cell interaction, pathogenesis of HIV and prions
• Viruses: Types of tumor viruses

Microbiology: Unit 05

• The omnipresence of microorganisms, the importance of asepsis, sources of contamination and methods of prevention, principle, construction, and working of laminar airflow bench

Microbiology: Unit 06

• Concept and classification, principle, and methods of sterilization, mechanisms of cell injury
• Construction working and applications of moist heat and dry heat sterilizer, gamma radiation sterilizer, filtration sterilizer
• Indicators of sterilization, microbial death, kinetic terms-D value, Z value
• Terminology of chemical antimicrobial agents, chemical classification of different disinfectants, characteristics of ideal disinfectants, factors affecting the action of disinfectants, evaluation methods (RW coefficient), Kelsey Sykes test
• Chick martin test

Microbiology: Unit 07

• Types of spoilage, factors affecting spoilage of pharmaceutical products

Microbiology: Unit 08

• Manufacturing (seed lot system) and quality control of bacterial vaccines and toxoids (tetanus, TAB, cholera, BCG, DPT), viral vaccine (Polio-salk sabin, rabies, MMR, hepatitis, chickenpox, influenza), antisera (diphtheria, tetanus)
• Antiviral antisera (rabies)
• Preparation of allergenic extracts and diagnostics

Microbiology: Unit 09

• Importance, general methods of assay of antibiotics (cup and plate method, paper disc method, turbidometry, dilution method), methods for fungicidal and antiviral compounds, assay, microbial limit tests

Pathophysiology: Unit 01

• Causes, pathogenesis, and morphology of cell injury, apoptosis, and necrosis

Pathophysiology: Unit 02

• Pathogeneses of inflammation
• Chemical mediators in inflammation
• Pathogenesis of chronic inflammation
• Repair of wounds in the skin, factors influencing healing of wounds

Pathophysiology: Unit 03

Pathophysiology: Unit 04

• White blood cells, lymphoid tissues, and red blood cells related diseases

Pathophysiology: Unit 05

• Host parasite relationship: Normal microbial flora of human body, infection vs. disease, pathogenicity vs. virulence, Koch and Rivers Postulates, reservoir of infection-sources of infection, portals of entry, portals of exit, vectors of infection
• Host parasite relationship: Communicability of disease, recognized symptoms of microbial disease, classification of immunity
• External defense mechanism of host: Skin, mucus membrane, chemical secretions, naturally occurring microbial flora
• Internal defense mechanism: Inflammation, fever, natural killer cells, phagocytic cells, soluble mediators-complement lymphokines, interferons
• Immune response: Specific immunity and immune response. Humoral immunity antibody response, mediators of humoral immunity, basic structure of antibody, antibody classes, and functions, maturation of immune response, immunologic memory
• Immune response: Antigens-specificity and immunogenicity, natural vs. artificial antigens, soluble, cellular antigens, thymus independent antigen, adjuvant
• Immune response: Hypersensitivity and its types-cellular immunity: Transplantation immunity, cellular immunity to viruses, implications of T-cell response. Acquisition of specific immunity: Natural vs. passive acquisition. Mechanism of autoimmunity
• Immune response: Hypersensitivity and its types-cellular immunity: Classification of autoimmune diseases in man. Transplantation and allograft reactions, mechanism of rejection of allograft. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Pathophysiology: Unit 06

• Hepatitis-infective hepatitis
• Sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV)
• Pneumonia, typhoid, urinary tract infections
• Tuberculosis
• Leprosy
• Malaria
• Dysentery (bacterial and amoebic)

Pathophysiology: Unit 07

• Disturbances of growth of cells
• General biology of tumors, differences between benign and malignant tumors
• Classification of tumors
• Historical diagnosis of malignancy
• Etiology and pathogenesis of cancer
• Invasions, metastasis, patterns of spread of cancer
• Environmental carcinogenesis

Pathophysiology: Unit 08

• Parkinsonism
• Schizophrenia
• Depression and mania stroke (ischemic and hemorrhage)
• Hypertension
• Angina
• Myocardial infarction, CCF
• Atherosclerosis
• Diabetes mellitus
• Peptic ulcer and inflammatory bowel disease
• Cirrhosis and alcoholic liver diseases
• Acute and chronic renal failure
• Asthma and chronic obstructive airway diseases

Pathophysiology: Unit 09

Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics: Unit 01

• The fate of drug after drug absorption, various mechanisms for drug absorption, drug concentration in blood, biological factors in drug absorption, physicochemical factors, dosage form consideration for gastrointestinal absorption
• Drug absorption: (a) Gastrointestinal absorption-biological considerations, (b) gastrointestinal absorption-physicochemical considerations, (c) gastrointestinal absorption-role of the dosage form, (d) pharmacokinetics
• Drug absorption: (d) Compartmental and non-compartmental pharmacokinetics. Biotransformation, drug disposition-distribution, drug disposition-elimination.Variability-body weight, age, sex, and genetic factors. Pharmacokinetic variability diseases
• Drug absorption: (d) Pharmacokinetic variability-drug interactions. Individualization and optimization of drug dosing regimens

Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics: Unit 02

• Quality parameters of dosage forms
• Assay methods and its validation
• Physicochemical properties of drugs and added substances and its effect on preparations, and biological availability of dosage forms
• Pharmaceutical properties of dosage forms, disintegration, dissolution rate
• Biological, pharmacological effects of dosage forms
• Factors affecting bioavailability, determination of bioavailability
• Significance of bio-equivalence studies
• Statistical analysis of bioequivalence studies
• Development, scale up and post approval changes (SUPAC) and in vitro (dissolution) in vivo (plasma concentration profile) correlation or IV/ IV correlation (IVIVC)
• Multi stage-bioequivalence studies
• Therapeutic equivalence
• Titration design for clinical rationales
• New drug application (NDA)

Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics: Unit 03

• Post marketing surveillance
• Process validation

Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 01

• Preparation, maintenance, analysis of observational records in clinical pharmacy

Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 02

• Type and phases of clinical trials, placebo, ethical and regulatory issues including good clinical practice in clinical trials

Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 03

• Adverse drug reaction (ADR), types of ADR, mechanism of ADR

Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 04

• Monitoring and reporting of ADR, and its significance

Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 05

• Drug interactions

Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 06

• Drug treatment during pregnancy, lactation and menstruation

Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 07

• Therapeutic drug monitoring, neutraceuticals, essential drugs and rational drug usage

Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 08

• Concept of posology, drug therapy for neonates, pediatrics, and geriatrics
• Drugs used in pregnancy and lactation

Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics: Unit 09

• In gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, and respiratory disorders
• For neurological and psychological disorders
• In infections of respiratory system, urinary system, infective meningitis, TB, HIV, malaria, and filaria
• For thyroid and parathyroid disorders, diabetes mellitus, menstrual cycle disorders, menopause and male sexual dysfunction
• For malignant disorders like leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors
• For rheumatic, eye, and skin disorders

Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 01

• Cell, cell junctions, transport mechanisms, homeostasis, ion channels, secondary messengers

Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 02

• Composition and functions of blood, RBC, WBC, platelets
• Homeostasis, blood groups, mechanism of clotting
• Introduction to disorders of the blood

Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 03

• Structure of the gastrointestinal tract, functions of its different parts including those of liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, various gastrointestinal structures and their role in the digestion, and absorption of food

Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 04

• Structure of respiratory organs, functions of respiration mechanism and regulation of respiration, respiratory volumes and vital capacity

Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 05

• Physiology and functions of the autonomic nervous system
• Mechanism of neurohumoral transmission in ans

Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 06

• Structure and physiology of eye (vision), ear (hearing), taste buds, nose (smell), and skin

Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 07

• Structure and function of the skeleton
• Articulation and movement
• Disorders of bones and joints

Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 08

• Functions of different parts of the brain and spinal cord
• Neurohumoral transmission in the central nervous system, reflex action, electroencephalogram, specialized functions of the brain, cranial nerves, and their functions

Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 09

• Various parts structure and functions of the kidney, and urinary tract
• Physiology of urine formation and acid-base balance
• Brief introduction to disorders of the kidney

Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 10

• Basic anatomy and physiology of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and pancreas
• Local hormones
• A brief introduction to disorders of various endocrine glands

Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 11

• Structure and functions of male, and female reproductive system
• Sex hormones, physiology of menstrual cycle, and various stages of pregnancy and parturition

Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 12

• Anatomy of heart and blood vessels, physiology of blood circulation, cardiac cycle, conducting system of the heart, heart sound, electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and its regulation

Human anatomy and physiology: Unit 13

• Composition, formation, and circulation of lymph
• Spleen and its functions

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 01

• Type of flow, Reynolds number, viscosity, the concept of the boundary layer, basic equation of fluid flow, the study of valves, flow meters, manometers, and measurement of flow and pressure including mathematical problems

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 02

• Source of heat, mechanism of heat transfer, the laws of heat transfer, steam and electricity as heating media, determination of requirement of the amount of steam/ electrical energy, steam pressure, boiler capacity, mathematical problems on heat transfer
• Steam traps and reducing valve, lagging

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 03

• The basic concept of phase equilibrium, factors affecting evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators, mathematical problems on evaporation

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 04

• Raoult's law, phase diagram, volatility: Simple steam and flash distillation, principles of rectification, Mc-Cabe Thiele method for calculations of a number of theoretical plates, azeotropic, and extractive distillation
• Mathematical problems on distillation

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 05

• Moisture content and mechanism of drying, the rate of drying and time of drying calculations, classifications and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying methods like freeze drying, and lyophilization
• Mathematical problems in drying

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 06

• Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing in energy and power requirement of a mill, types of mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill, micronizer, Quadro co-mil, multi mill etc

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 07

• Theory of extraction, extraction methods, equipment for various types of the extraction process

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 08

• Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid, and liquid-liquid mixing equipment

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 09

• Characteristics of crystals like purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms, size, and factors affecting them
• Solubility curves and calculation curves, and calculations of heat balance around S. Swanson's Walker crystallizer, super saturation theory and its limitations, nucleation mechanism, crystal growth, study of various types of crystallizers, tanks
• Agitated batch, Swanson's Walker, single vacuums, circulating magma and crystal crystallizers, cracking of crystals and its prevention
• Numerical problems on yields
• Introduction to polymorphism

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 10

• Theory of filtrations, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters, including filter press, rotary filter, edge filters, filter leaf and laboratory filtration equipment etc, factors affecting filtration, mathematical problems on filtrations
• Optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters
• Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters, and centrifugal sedimentars

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 11

• Basic concept and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, psychometric count and measurement of humidity, application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipment for humidification and dehumidification operations

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 12

• Principles and applications of refrigeration, and air conditioning

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 13

• General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, properties, and applications of the materials of construction with special reference to stainless steel, glass, ferrous metals, cast iron, non ferrous metals, copper and alloys, aluminum and alloys
• Lead, tin, silver, nickel, and alloys, chromium and non metals, stone, slate, brick, asbestos, plastics, rubber, timber, concrete
• Corrosion and its prevention with reference to commonly used material in pharmaceutical plants

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 14

• A process variable, temperature, pressure, flow level and vacuum, and their measurement
• Elements of automatic process control and introduction to automatic process control
• Elements of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

Pharmaceutical engineering: Unit 15

• Mechanical, chemical, electrical, fire, dust, noise hazards, industrial dermatitis, accident, records, safety requirements/ equipment etc

Pharmaceutical management: Unit 01

• Types of management
• Basic concepts of management, management process, function, and principles
• Levels of management, pharmaceutical management art, science or profession
• Social responsibilities of management, functions of management

Pharmaceutical management: Unit 02

• Planning: Nature, process, and types of planning, steps in the planning process, planning premises
• Advantages and limitations of planning
• Management by objective, meaning, objective features, advantages and limitations
• Forecasting: Meaning, nature, importance, limitations
• Techniques of forecasting

Pharmaceutical management: Unit 03

• Definition, nature, theories, functions, line, and staff organization concepts

Pharmaceutical management: Unit 04

• R and d organizations and research categories
• Elements needed for an r and d organization
• Technology transfer

Pharmaceutical management: Unit 05

• R and d organizations and research categories
• Types of inventories
• Requirements of effective inventory control

Pharmaceutical management: Unit 06

• Nature, types of communication, process, channels, and barriers of communication
• Limitations of communications
• Importance in pharmaceutical industries

Pharmaceutical management: Unit 07

• New product selection, product management, advertising

Pharmaceutical management: Unit 08

• Leadership: Meaning, nature, leadership styles
• Theories of leadership
• Motivation: Meaning, nature, importance
• Theories of motivation

Pharmaceutical management: Unit 09

• Definition, HRD methods, HRD process, HRD in Indian industry

Pharmaceutical management: Unit 10

• General agreement on tariff and trade and its impact on the pharmaceutical industry
• History of GATT, its impact on the pharmaceutical industry
• Pharmaceutical market in

Pharmaceutical management: Unit 11

• Introduction to wto
• Types of intellectual property rights: Industrial property and copyrights Indian patent acts, 1970 with the latest amendment

Pharmaceutical management: Unit 12

• Definition, types of patents

Pharmaceutical management: Unit 13

• Bureau of Indian standards (BIS)
• International organization for standardization (ISO)
• United states of food and drug administration (USFDA)
• Central drug standard control organization (CDSCO)
• International conference on harmonization (ICH)
• World health organization (WHO)

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 01

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 02

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 03

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 04

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 05

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 06

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 07

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 08

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 09

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 10

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 11

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 12

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 13

• An overview

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 14

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 15

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 16

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 17

Pharmaceutical jurisprudence: Unit 18

Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 01

• Weighing methodology, handling of prescriptions, labeling instructions for dispensed products

Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 02

• Enlarging and reducing formula, displacement value

Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 03

Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 04

• (a) Antihypertensive drug, (b) antiamoebic drugs, (c) antihistaminic drugs, (d) antiemetic drugs, (e) antacids and ulcer healing drugs, (f) antidiarrheals and laxatives, (g) respiratory drugs, (h) antibiotics, (i) analgesics and antipyretic drugs

Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 05

• (a) Mixtures, (b) solutions, (c) emulsions, (d) lotions (external preparations), (e) liniments (external preparations), (f) powder, (g) granules, (h) suppositories, (i) ointments/ paste, (j) cream
• (k) Incompatibility: Prescription based on physical, chemical, and therapeutic incompatibility. Tablets, (l) inhalations

Dispensing and hospital pharmacy: Unit 06

• Designing from mock pharmacy: Layout and structure of retail pharmacy, compounding, dispensing, storing, labeling, pricing, recording, and counseling of prescription
• Procurement of information for the given drug for drug information services
• Preparation of hospital formulary